SDG 2025 Research – UNP Sustainability Development Goals

The Dynamics of Agricultural Land Use Cover Change Using Agricultural Carrying Capacity: The Case of Magsingal, Ilocos Sur PDF

Authors: Irene Fides Mendoza-Pantaleon, Lord Byron F. Gonzales

Abstract

Amid intensifying development pressures and shifting socio-economic landscapes, this study provides a critical assessment of how changing land-use patterns are reshaping the agricultural sustainability and long-term food and crop security in Magsingal, Ilocos Sur. This study explores the evolving dynamics of agricultural land use in Magsingal, Ilocos Sur, focusing on its Agricultural Carrying Capacity (ACC). Employing a mixed-methods approach with expert interviews and survey data, it investigates pressures on farmlands, including urbanization, economic factors, and demographic shifts. Findings indicate a decline in Magsingal's ACC from 0.56 hectares per farmer in 2021 to 0.52 hectares in 2023, reflecting increasing land fragmentation and challenges to farming sustainability. This trend mirrors national land fragmentation patterns observed in the 2012 Census of Agriculture. Key drivers of land-use change include urban sprawl, infrastructure development, and conversions to residential and commercial uses. Recommendations include integrating ACC assessments into local land use planning, promoting regular land evaluations, and fostering community engagement in decision-making. The study advocates for policies that secure land tenure, enhance farming practices, and balance urban expansion with agricultural preservation, ultimately promoting long-term agricultural sustainability and food security in Magsingal.

Keywords: Agricultural Carrying Capacity, Land Use Change, Urbanization, Food Security, Sustainable Agriculture, Magsingal

Diversity and Catch per Unit Effort of Marine Fishes Caught by Various Fishing Gears in Cabugao, Ilocos Sur PDF

Authors: Dianna C. Lalin, Charlene Joy Q. Ponce, Danica Rose E. Garcia, Crystan P. Tagalan, John Michael M. Padua, Jenny Joy B. Garcia, Joanna Mae S. Foronda, Adora G. Ilac

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Abstract

Fishery resources play a vital role in ensuring food security and nutrition while contributing to economic growth through fish production and trade. This study aimed to determine the diversity of marine fishes caught by various fishing gears in Cabugao, Ilocos Sur. A quantitative research design was utilized, providing numerical data on the diversity, abundance, and catch per unit effort of marine fishes. Data gathering was conducted in the five coastal barangays of Cabugao, Ilocos Sur, from January to March 2025. Mean, ANOVA, and Games-Howell tests were employed to determine the average abundance, test for significant differences in CPUE, and compare fishing gears, respectively. Simple handlines, bottom-set longlines, gillnets, and pamo gillnets are commonly used fishing gears. The various fishing gears caught a total of 60 species. Pamo gill net yielded the highest abundance (279,497), while the bottom-set longline was the lowest (541). Species diversity was low in bottom-set longlines (2.24) and gillnets (2.33), while very low in simple handlines (1.04) and pamo gillnets (.58). The low species diversity across gears suggests potential ecological pressure influenced by seasonality, fishing intensity, and gear selectivity. The Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) of the various fishing gears significantly differed. These findings provide baseline, gear-specific data that can inform municipal fisheries management and sustainable gear regulation in Cabugao, Ilocos Sur. The study recommends guiding fisherfolk on the sustainable use of fishing gear, conducting continuous monitoring to track changes in fish diversity, regulating fishing to reduce ecological impact, and developing sustainable fishing strategies.

Keywords: Catch per unit effort, species richness, abundance, evenness

Feasibility of Cogon Grass (Imperata cylindrica) and Corn Husk as Sustainable Materials for Food Packaging PDF

Authors: Ma. Edlyn D. Castillo, Tyler John S. Cabras, Limuel Q. Bautista, Christy Faye A. Gasmen

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Abstract

The growing problem of plastic and wood-based packaging highlights the urgent need for sustainable alternatives. This study investigated the feasibility of utilizing agricultural residues as sustainable raw materials for producing biodegradable packaging. Aiming to address the environmental consequences of plastic and wood-based packaging, the research examined the durability, texture, and cost-effectiveness of materials derived from different proportions of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) and corn husk fibers. An experimental design was employed, with samples produced in 50:50, 60:40, and 40:60 ratios. Durability was assessed through load-bearing analysis, while 30 respondents, composed of local carinderia owners and customers, evaluated the texture using a 5-point Likert scale. Statistical tools, including mean, standard deviation, and one-way ANOVA, were used to analyze the data. Results showed that all samples demonstrated very good durability (overall mean = 0.79 kg) and a smooth-to-very smooth texture (overall mean = 4.09), with the 60% cogon grass–40% corn husk proportion yielding the most favorable results. No significant differences were found among the three mixtures, indicating similar performance across proportions. The production cost, ranging from ₱34.50 to ₱36.50 per batch, confirmed economic feasibility at the laboratory scale. The findings affirm that agricultural residues can be transformed into durable, low-cost, and eco-friendly packaging materials under controlled, dry-condition testing, contributing to SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). This study provides experimental evidence on the use of composite non-wood fibers for biodegradable packaging, offering localized data relevant to sustainable materials development in the Philippine context. The study recommends further enhancement of fiber processing techniques, broader testing of mechanical properties, and policy integration under the Extended Producer Responsibility framework.

Keywords: sustainable materials, food packaging, fiber sustainability, material innovation, eco-efficiency, circular economy, sustainable development

Bioconversion Of Food Waste Using Black Soldier (Hermetia illucens) Fly Larvae and African Nightcrawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae)PDF

Authors: Ethan John R. Peruna, Jill Ann R. Paranada

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Abstract

The global reliance on synthetic fertilizers and growing concern over food waste highlight the need for sustainable alternatives. Despite these concerns, synthetic fertilizers remain a cornerstone of agricultural practices. This study evaluates the bioconversion of food waste using Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) and African nightcrawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae), focusing on temperature, pH, humidity, macronutrients, and biomass conversion efficiency of the bioconverters using the following: T0 (control, no decomposers), T1 (100% BSFL), T2 (100% African nightcrawlers), and T3 (50% BSFL, 50% African nightcrawlers). Additionally, to determine whether a significant difference exists between and among the physicochemical properties in terms of temperature and pH levels of organic fertilizer. It utilized a 21-day experimental design to evaluate the compost’s physicochemical properties by monitoring temperature, pH, humidity, nutrient content, and biomass conversion. Food waste was collected and segregated, bioconverters were reared and applied to the treatment, and physical and chemical analyses were performed throughout the process. T1 showed the highest temperature range (29.2–35.2°C). T0, T1, and T2 produced pH values ranging from acidic to alkaline (5.21–7.75) and humidity levels of 42–77%. All treatments yielded very high nitrogen (>4.5%) and phosphorus (>20 ppm) and sufficient potassium (11–150 ppm). T3 had the highest biomass conversion efficiency (84.4%). Temperature, pH, and biomass conversion differed significantly among treatments at the 0.01 level. These results demonstrate that the bioconverters can provide a cost-effective, eco-friendly method for converting waste into fertilizer, thereby supporting broader adoption. Future research should evaluate fertilizer performance across various crops, assess cost-yield benefits, and conduct long-term environmental assessment of productivity.

Keywords: waste reduction, biomass conversion, macronutrients, physicochemical properties, organic fertilizer

Coastal Resource Conditions and Management Efforts in Sta. Catalina, Ilocos Sur: A Descriptive Assessment PDF

Authors: Florida U. Ursulom, Shiela Mae F. Ragunjan, Darlon S. Paningbatan, Sandro B. Lambayon

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Abstract

Degradation happened in the coastal barangays of the Municipality of Sta. Catalina, Ilocos Sur, despite positive efforts made in the Philippines. This study assessed the coastal barangay profile; socio-economic activities in the pelagic, offshore, and foreshore zones; the extent of degradation due to natural and artificial factors; and the extent of coastal barangays’ resource protection efforts. Descriptive research with 318 conveniently selected respondents, a structured questionnaire, interviews, documentary analysis, mapping, descriptive statistics, and Mean were utilized. Findings revealed the barangays with the greatest number of FARMC members, the highest population, the most fishing boats, the highest tax allocation, and the most government facilities. The socio-economic activity in the Pelagic zone is fishing; the same is true in the Offshore, with fry collections; and at the Foreshore are restobar, sari-sari stores, motor parts sellers, street food vendors, and others. The degradation of coastal resources is extensive, caused by natural and artificial factors; however, a very great extent of coastal resource protection efforts by organized bodies and residents exists, while it is high only among the LGU. The study provides localized, evidence-based insights that can guide municipal-level coastal resource management and policy formulation. The conclusion states that the coastal barangays of the Municipality of Sta. Catalina, Ilocos Sur, provides physical accessibility and socio-economic opportunities that may support tourism-related activities; the socio-economic activities in the pelagic, foreshore, and offshore zones serve as livelihoods for residents; and the organized bodies and residents are good contributors to coastal resource management. It is recommended that the LGU continue and take additional necessary steps, such as holding regular competitions to manage coastal resources, which cover cleanliness and attractions, to improve the coastal area's appeal to tourists, increase revenue, and provide residents and visitors with better services.

Keywords: socio-economic activities, pelagic, offshore, foreshore, coastal resource protection effort

Development of a Low-Cost and Sustainable Biodiesel Reactor Using Waste Cooking Oil PDF

Authors: Jansen John U. Costales, Edzel Keneth P. Flojo, Mike-Dane T. Salvador, Vincent P. Pilien

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Abstract

This study developed and evaluated a low-cost biodiesel batch reactor with an integrated washing system for processing waste cooking oil into biodiesel. The reactor was fabricated from locally available materials and designed to perform transesterification and water washing in the same vessel to reduce equipment requirements and simplify purification. Two catalyst systems, KOH and NaOH, were tested using identical volumes of waste cooking oil and methanol. The resulting biodiesel samples were analyzed for kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, and pour point following ASTM methods, and preliminary engine observations were conducted on a 12 HP diesel engine using different biodiesel blends. The KOH mixture produced slightly more biodiesel than the NaOH mixture, and both samples met the standard limits for viscosity and pour point. Specific gravity values were slightly below the ASTM range but remained close to acceptable limits for small-scale applications. Engine observations provided initial insights into smoke characteristics and fuel behavior, although the tests were qualitative and conducted without load. The cost comparison showed that the fabricated reactor was significantly more affordable than commercially available units, while offering a larger working capacity and built-in washing capability. The findings demonstrate the technical feasibility of producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil using an affordable, locally fabricated reactor and highlight its potential value for community-level fuel production. Further studies with controlled reaction conditions, replicated trials, and standardized engine testing are recommended to strengthen performance evaluation.

Keywords: renewable energy source, low-cost biodiesel generator, waste cooking oil, UN Sustainable Development Goals

Published Researches

Abstract: Traditional Filipino foods, like tinola, a tasty Ilocano chicken soup created with local ingredients, are valued for their unique flavor and cultural significance but are sometimes only prepared at home since they are not readily available in easy, ready-to-eat versions. The goal of this study was to create Native Chicken Tinola To Go, a convenient and portable tinola that enables customers to savor real Filipino flavors whenever and wherever they choose. In addition, the study tested the product's microbiological load to guarantee food safety, evaluated its sensory acceptability in terms of taste, appearance, and texture, and examined production costs and packaging materials to ascertain its commercial viability. The study, which employed a descriptive research design, found that respondents gave the product a very positive sensory evaluation rating, ranging from Like Much to Like Very Much, indicating excellent consumer acceptability. The product's safety has been verified by microbial analysis, which revealed no bacterial growth even after 36 hours (1½ days) of storage, indicating prolonged shelf stability. The product's economic viability was shown by cost analysis and revealed that four packs of Native Chicken Tinola To Go could be produced for ₱445.50 with a selling price of ₱155.93 perpack, yielding a profit of ₱44.55 per pack and a 40% markup. The results show that the Native Chicken Tinola To Go is a sustainable and marketable product that maintains traditional Filipino cuisine in a contemporary, practical style in addition to being safe, reasonably priced, and consumer-pleasing. Additionally, by encouraging the use of locally produced native chicken, this initiative supports sustainable agriculture and gives local farmers a means of subsistence. Overall, the research contributesto the development of practical and culturally relevant food innovations that uphold Filipino culinary heritage while addressing the growing consumer demand for convenience and mobility in modern lifestyles.

Abstract: The global reliance on synthetic fertilizers and growing concern over food waste highlight the need for sustainable alternatives. Despite these concerns, synthetic fertilizers remain a cornerstone of agricultural practices. This study evaluates the bioconversion of food waste using Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) and African nightcrawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae), focusing on temperature, pH, humidity, macronutrients, and biomass conversion efficiency of the bioconverters using the following: T0 (control, no decomposers), T1 (100% BSFL), T2 (100% African nightcrawlers), and T3 (50% BSFL, 50% African nightcrawlers). Additionally, to determine whether a significant difference exists between and among the physicochemical properties in terms of temperature and pH levels of organic fertilizer. It utilized a 21-day experimental design to evaluate the compost’s physicochemical properties by monitoring temperature, pH, humidity, nutrient content, and biomass conversion. Food waste was collected and segregated, bioconverters were reared and applied to the treatment, and physical and chemical analyses were performed throughout the process. T1 showed the highest temperature range (29.2–35.2°C). T0, T1, and T2 produced pH values ranging from acidic to alkaline (5.21–7.75) and humidity levels of 42–77%. All treatments yieldedvery high nitrogen (>4.5%) and phosphorus (>20 ppm) and sufficient potassium (11–150 ppm). T3 had the highest biomass conversion efficiency (84.4%). Temperature, pH, and biomass conversion differed significantly among treatments at the 0.01 level. These results demonstrate that the bioconverters can provide a cost-effective, eco-friendly method for converting waste into fertilizer, thereby supporting broader adoption. Future research should evaluate fertilizer performance across various crops, assess cost-yield benefits, and conduct long-term environmental assessment of productivity.

Completed Researches

Published Researches

Abstract: Ticks pose a serious threat to dogs, with synthetic acaricides leading to environmental impact and resistance concerns. While Azadirachta indica and Carica papaya have shown acaricidal potential against Rhipicephalus sanguineus, their efficacy against dog ticks has not been thoroughly investigated. This study determined the acaricidal activity of A. indica and C. papaya leaf extract against R. sanguineus, both individually and combined, to develop a botanical bio-agent that can be utilized as a substitute to the commercially available Permethrin. Each plant specimen was air-dried, pulverized, and extracted using 95% ethyl alcohol. Phytochemical screening tests were conducted to determine the bioactive components present in each plant extract. The analysis showed that the ethanolic extract of A. indica contains moderate levels of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and glycosides, with a lower concentration of phenolic compounds. In contrast, the ethanolic extract of C. papaya has moderate amounts of tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids, while saponins, glycosides, and phenolic compounds are present in lower concentrations. The spray method of acaricidal activity determination revealed that each plant extract has acaricidal activity, but a better effect against R. sanguineus was obtained if both extracts were combined. The A. indica and C. papaya combined leaf extract at 100% can be used as an acaricidal bio-agent against dogs’ ticks. For future directions of similar studies, it is recommended to prioritize refining bioassay methodologies and conducting in-depth chemical profiling. Exploring variations in extraction techniques, solvent types, and concentration gradients may offer valuable insights into the most effective formulations for tick control. In addition, the identification and quantification of major bioactive compounds that are responsible for acaricidal activity could be facilitated by the use of advanced analytical techniques, including Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This integrated approach would deepen our understanding of the mode of action, enhance efficacy, and contribute to the development of sustainable alternatives to synthetic acaricides.

Abstract: Physical fitness plays a vital role in shaping students’ overall growth—it strengthens the body, builds confidence and resilience, encourages positive social interaction, and nurtures a lifelong appreciation for health and well-being. This study investigated the comparative effects of game-based and drill-based activities on the physical fitness of first-year students at the Abra State Institute of Science and Technology, Main Campus, during the second semester of S.Y. 2023–2024. A quasi-experimental two-group pretest–posttest design was employed involving 37 students: 15 from the Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) and 22 from the Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED). Physical fitness was measured using the Revised Physical Fitness Test and cardiovascular endurance norms, focusing on endurance, strength, speed, agility, and flexibility. Results showed that game-based activities significantly improved agility and flexibility among female BEED students but had minimal impact on cardiovascular endurance and sit-and-reach flexibility. Drill-based activities, meanwhile, enhanced cardiovascular endurance, speed, agility, and left-side flexibility among female BSED students, while male participants showed gains primarily in flexibility. Comparative analysis revealed no significant differences between groups after intervention, except for agility, which improved more in the game-based group, and sit-and-reach flexibility, which was greater in the drill-based group. Both approaches produced statistically significant improvements in selected components of physical fitness, although some components remained within the same descriptive fitness category. Game-based activities appear more effective in developing agility, whereas drill-based activities provide greater benefits in flexibility and cardiovascular endurance. Integrating both strategies in physical education programs, coupled with longer intervention periods and balanced participant representation, is recommended to maximize student fitness outcomes. This study contributes empirical evidence on how different instructional approaches in PathFit influence specific physical fitness components, providing guidance for balanced and responsive physical education programming in higher education.

Abstract: The growing aging population in low- and middle-income countries, including the Philippines, raises important concerns about the physical and mental well-being of older adults, which aligns with Sustainable Development Goal Three on health and well-being across the life course. This study examined the relationship between physical mobility and anxiety symptoms, including somatic, cognitive, and affective dimensions, among community-dwelling older adults in Magsingal, Ilocos Sur, Philippines. Using a descriptive-correlational design, older adults residing in the community were surveyed using validated Ilocano-translated instruments, namely a demographic questionnaire, the Elderly Mobility Scale, and the revised Geriatric Anxiety Scale. Descriptive and correlational statistical analyses were employed. Results indicated that participants were predominantly female, married, and reported hypertension as a common health condition. Overall physical mobility reflected functional independence, although difficulties persisted in tasks requiring reaching and transferring. Anxiety symptoms across somatic, cognitive, and affective domains were generally mild. Findings revealed significant inverse relationships between physical mobility and anxiety symptoms across all domains, indicating that lower mobility levels were associated with higher anxiety manifestations. Demographic characteristics also showed meaningful associations with mobility, with advancing age and poorer self-reported health negatively related, while higher educational attainment and income were positively associated. These findings highlight the close linkage between physical mobility and anxiety among rural older adults and emphasize the need for integrated physical and mental health screening in community-based geriatric programs. Implementing active-aging initiatives that combine mobility assessment and anxiety screening in primary care and barangay health settings may enhance holistic geriatric well-being. Strengthening collaboration among health institutions, local governments, and academic partners, alongside future longitudinal and qualitative studies, can support more responsive and context-sensitive strategies for healthy aging in underserved communities.

Abstract: Law enforcement is known to be one of the most challenging professions globally, in which officers must be physically and mentally fit to better serve and protect the communities they serve. This research study was conducted to evaluate the physical fitness program of the uniformed PNP personnel in Vigan City. This study provides localized, evidence-based insights that may guide the enhancement of police health and wellness programs at the station and regional levels. The research design was a descriptive correlational study with 151 uniformed personnel, including 127 males and 24 females, who were chosen to complete the validated questionnaire. The paper addressed demographic variables, such as age, years in service, BMI, and health condition, among the respondents, lifestyle choices, adherence to health and physical fitness, and identified the problems they have encountered with health and physical fitness. These findings indicated that the PNP staff is predominantly young, with no employees over 30 years old, a decent proportion of male employees (84.1%), and less than 10 years of service. The number of those who were overweight and obese (51.7%) was more than half. The majority of participants (71.5%) met the physical fitness standards, but even then, a significant proportion were unable to achieve optimal levels of fitness. An evaluation of lifestyle showed that officers are likely to eat fruits and vegetables and have high intentions to exercise, yet have poor sleep quality, poor hydration, and an unbalanced lifestyle. The obstacles to regular fitness activity were found to be hectic work schedules, a lack of fitness training centers, and limited access to nutritional education. Organized fitness and wellness programs focused on sustainable conditioning, healthy nutrition, and frequent monitoring should be introduced. The proposed programs are HIIT, yoga, and fitness challenges with an incentive package. Infrastructure and time-schedule issues will be critical to the development of a long-term orientation toward health, fitness, and work efficacy among PNP officers in Vigan City.

Abstract: Physical inactivity has become a major public health concern in modern society. As digital entertainment and mobile technologies continue to encourage amore sedentary lifestyle, many people find it challenging to integrate adequate physical exercise into their busy daily schedules. Over time, physical inactivity has resulted in poor physical health. Addressing such issues calls for innovative approaches to make exercise more enjoyable and accessible. Hence, this study aimed to develop GRIT, a fitness application that integrates AI technologies and is primarily designed to provide personalized recommendations, gamification, progress monitoring, and image processing for pose detection, offering AI-supported features to support home-based fitness activities. The application was developed using the Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model, and its quality was evaluated using the ISO/IEC 25010 software qualitymodel, focusing on functionality, performance, compatibility, usability, dependability, and maintainability. Functionality scored the highest. The application has these key functionalities: gamification elements, such as points, levels, badges, streaks, daily goals, and progress bars; personalized recommendation that tailors fitness activities to individual preferences, body data, and progress history, ensuring; progress tracking that monitors steps, muscle level, and other health metrics; and authentication requirement to ensure secure login and cloud synchronization. The results of the study confirm GRIT's potential as a high-quality, innovative fitness tool. Overall, this study contributes to the field of fitness application development by demonstrating how to integrate and evaluate AI-driven personalization, gamification systematically, and pose detection using the ISO/IEC 25010 software quality framework.

Abstract: Indigenous health practices remain an essential aspect of community well-being, particularly in geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas. Understanding these practices is vital for developing culturally sensitive healthcare interventions. This study examined the health practices of Indigenous Peoples in Sitio Kinbilibil, Barangay Daligan, Sta. Cruz, Ilocos Sur, and explored the relationship between their health behaviors and socio-demographic profile. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, the study employed total enumeration, involving 49 Indigenous Peoples aged 18 years and above. Data were gathered through a modified instrument based on Yang-ed et al. (2009). Frequency and percentages were used to describe the socio-demographic profiles, mean scores assessed the extent of health practices, and simple correlational analysis was used to determine relationships between variables. Results showed that most respondents were aged 18-38 years old, female, married, high school graduates, affiliated with the Pentecostal church, and earning less than Php 5,000 monthly, with business as their primary source of income. In terms of health practices, respondents sometimes used traditional remedies, occasionally consulted professional health providers for common health conditions, and seldom sought medical care for self-care concerns. A significant finding was that religious affiliation, specifically Pentecostal, was correlated with respondents’ overall health practices. The study underscores the importance of recognizing the cultural context influencing indigenous health behaviors. Documenting these practices contributes to the preservation of indigenous knowledge and supports the development of culturally grounded health programs to improve health outcomes. This study contributes empirical, community-level evidence on indigenous health practices in Ilocos Sur, addressing the limited documentation of health behaviors among geographically isolated Indigenous Peoples.

Completed Researches

Abstract: One significant environmental and public health issue is open burning. The study aimed at describing practices and experiences of Vigan City residents in open burning. The study utilized descriptive qualitative research to explore experiences of residents in practicing open burning. The researchers administered a Key Informant Interview (KII) through the use of interview guide with ten key informants selected through snowball sampling. The inclusion criteria are: residents of Vigan city who frequently practice open burning; either male or female; 18 years old and above; The exclusion criteria are: non-residents of Vigan City; those who are not practicing open burning. Thematic analysis was used to treat data. Findings revealed three major thematic dimensions and eight sub-themes, consisting of Tradition and Social Norms with sub-themes, Generational Transmission of Waste Disposal Norms, Community-wide Tradition and Social Reinforcement and Deeply Ingrained Habit; Transition in Awareness with sub-themes, Convenience as a Driving Factor, Policy Awareness Influencing Behavior Change and Growing Environmental Consciousness and Adoption of Sustainable Practices with sub-themes Behavioral Shift toward Compliance, Commitment to Sustainable Alternatives The researchers recommend the following: the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003) must be strictly enforced; the law may be localized in the form of ordinances; barangay officials and barangay tanod may be empowered to monitor and report violations; the city government may ensure regular garbage collection; Concerned authorities may strengthen the promotion of waste segregation and strengthen the promotion of composting of waste to be used as organic fertilizer; the city government may intensify education campaign to convince residents not to practice open burning and inculcate in them its ill-effects to health and to climate change; the city government may give incentives to Barangays which do not resort to open burning; the city government may collaborate and tap the assistance of NGOs in the implementation of the policy.

Abstract: Owning pets is an increasing global practice, but their effects on owners' health and-well-being are still inconsistent. This study determined the health benefits and burdens in owning pets. It utilized the descriptive and qualitative research design with Interpretative Phenomenological Approach, which involved 126 purposively selected pet owners in Ilocos Sur, Philippines. It employed a questionnairequestionnaire checklist, an interview guide constructed by the researchers, and content validated by a pool of experts to gather data. Frequencies and percentages, and the mean were used to treat the data. Results revealed that the pet-owner-respondents are mostly young adults, females, single, Roman Catholic, residing in rural areas, working as professionals, and with an average monthly income of above 50,000 pesos. While most of them had no comorbidities, a great number reported having high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease. They all have dogs, mostly two or more, and they typically keep these for more than five years. Further, a very high level of mental well-being and social benefits from pet ownership were claimed, such as reduced feelings of loneliness, mood boosting, increased social interaction, and greater life satisfaction, while physical health benefit was claimed to a slightly lesser degree. Moreover, pet ownership is a dual reality. Pets are greatly valued as family companions, sources of emotional support, and a sense of security and protection. Conversely, caring for pets involves behavioral challenges, financial strain, environmental hygiene concerns, and lifestyle adjustments that can cause stress and tension. Based on the findings, the study recommends promoting intensive pet care management, integration of pet ownership in local health programs, establishing knowledge and support systems for pet owners, and conducting studies along policy interventions that can make pet ownership more accessible and health-promoting, exploring the nature of the relationships between gender, loneliness, and pet ownership.

Abstract: Menopause is biologically inevitable; experiences vary considerably and are shaped by factors including symptoms. The symptoms are managed based on the beliefs and information gathered by women. The study assessed the menopausal symptoms among women for the Calendar Year 2024 as a basis for extension activity. Specifically, it sought to answer the profile of the respondents in terms of socio-demographic factors, lifestyle-related factors, reproductive history, and medical history. It also determined the level of menopausal symptom/s experienced by the respondents along with physical/physiological, psychological/emotional, and social. Moreover, it looked into the extent of the management practices of the respondents regarding the postmenopausal symptoms. Furthermore, it established a significant relationship between the extent of management practices of menopausal women and their profile. Lastly, the study will propose a plan to address the findings of the study. Findings revealed that A great percentage of the respondents are aged 40-44, have two family members, are high school graduates and non-professionals, started menstruation at the age of 14, have three children, stopped menstruating at the age of 50-54, and got pregnant thrice. The majority are married with a history of hypertension. Almost all of the respondents are not smoking, and most of them are not drinking alcohol and seldom walk as their physical activity. The respondents had a Low level of symptom experience on menopause. The respondents had an Average extent of management practices on menopause. As a whole, education is significantly related to the management practices of the respondents. Lastly, an activity entitled Exploring Menopause: Addressing Common Health Challenges and Managing Symptoms Effectively educates participants on the common health concerns associated with menopause. It is therefore recommended that, given the significant relationship between education and management practices, researchers should collaborate with the Municipal

Abstract: Traditional medicine has remained the most affordable and easily accessible source of treatment in the primary healthcare system among communities on the far plunged areas. This study explored the traditional healing practices of the Tingguian communities in the Province of Abra, focusing on the demographic profile of both traditional healers and users, the types and preparation of medicinal plants, and the cultural significance of indigenous healing methods. This study employed descriptive qualitative method. Results revealed that a significant proportion of traditional users are elderly, married, and low-income individuals, while the healers are mostly women aged 66-70, with minimal formal education and decades of healing experience. A total of 88 medicinal plants were identified. The ten most common herbal medicines that were used are Kurjayon (Minosa pudica), Tawa-tawa (Euphorbia hirta), Taltallikod (Phyllanthus urinaria), Bayabas (Psidium guajava L.), Julpiyang (Eleusine indica), Lemon Grass (Cymbopogan citratus. Stapf), Suksuktob (Equisetum hyemale), Avocado (Persea Americana), Dangla (Vitex negundo). Leaves were the most commonly used plant part, with decoction as the primary preparation method. Other techniques included pounding, chewing, oil application, and poultices. The study highlights that traditional healing remains integral to Tingguian identity, rooted in spiritual beliefs, ancestral wisdom, and community trust. The traditional healing practices utilized are herbalism, faith healer, hilot, sangsang-al, and mannumang reflect a holistic approach to health. Based on these findings, the study recommends the development of culturally sensitive programs to support aging healers, the documentation and promotion of traditional medicinal preparations, and respectful integration of these practices into modern healthcare systems. The creation of a manual of herbal medicines used by the Tingguians is also proposed for the next research phase, aiming to preserve and transmit their rich cultural heritage to future generations while ensuring safety and sustainability in traditional health practices.

Abstract: Sexual orientation identity development is best understood as an ontological process of becoming-an unfolding of selfhood through the interplay of internal awareness and external structures of meaning. It transcendis the confines of psychological sequencing, engaging instead the existential task of negotiating one's place within a world shaped by norms that often exclude or marginalize. For those who identify as lesbian, this journey is not merely personal but profoundly political, as the act of coming out becomes a disruption of heteronormative epistemologies-a declaration that asserts presence where absence was once presumed. In this light, identity is not a destination but an ongoing ethical endeavor; to live authentically in a world that often demands concealment is to continuously remake both the self and the structures that seek to define it. To capture the lifeworld of the adult lesbians, the participants identified four themes. These are a) othering (kina-naidumduma), b) navigating a double life (panangpasantak iti dua a rupa ti biag), c) circumstantial inclusion within the community (naidumduma a pannakabigbig iti komunidad), and d) conforming to conservative cultural norms (panangtungpal ti konserbatibo a tawid a pagannurutan). Lesbians face unique health issues and challenges due to a combination of biological, social, and systemic factors. Many of these issues arise from disparities in healthcare access, discrimination, and minority stress. Their hopes often center with the theme: around personal growth, relationship and commitment, career aspirations, and contributions to social change. The lives of adult lesbians are shaped by both joys and struggles, influenced by personal experiences, relationships, social acceptance, and societal challenges. While many find deep fulfillment in love, community, and self-acceptance, they also face obstacles related to discrimination, healthcare disparities, and mental health challenges

Abstract: The study determined the caring roles of nurses in Secondary Hospitals of the First District of Ilocos Sur. It also looked into the extent of caring roles of nurses as perceived by the nurse respondents and as perceived by the patient respondents. Significant relationship between the nurse respondents' extent of caring roles and their profile and the profile of the patient respondents were also determined. The study is a descriptive-correlational type of research. A questionnaire-checklist formulated by the researchers and content validated by pool of experts was the main tool in gathering the data. It involved the 155 nurses on duty in secondary hospitals of the First District of Ilocos Sur and the 46 patients who are presently confined during the conduct of the study. Ethical considerations were followed in the conduct of the study. Frequency counts and percentages, mean and simple linear correlation analysis were the statistical tools used. The findings of the study reveal that a great percentage of the nurse respondents are 30-34 years of age, female, married, Roman Catholic and are residing in rural area. Most of the respondents are bachelor's degree holder and only one (1) is with Master's degree with doctorate units. A great number of the respondents have a family monthly income of Php13,000-Php15,000. Majority has been in the service for at least 1-5 years, are contractual assigned in more than one (1) area of assignment and are rendering 12 hours duty. Majority of them attended local or institutional seminars/trainings/conferences. On the other hand, a mark percentage of the patient respondents are 20 years old, female, married and lives in the urban area. A great percentage of the patient respondents are high school graduate, confined at the OB-Gyne ward with non-communicable disease. Great majority of the respondents have severe condition only one (1) have fatal condition. They do not know anybody in the hospital nor endorsed by a politician. Overall, the extent of caring roles of nurses as perceived by the nurse themselves and as perceived by their patient is Very High. There is no significant correlation between the extent of caring roles of nurses and their socio-demographic profile. When taken singly, commitment, and compassion of nurses is significantly correlated to their monthly income and length of service respectively. Furthermore, compassion, competence and confidence are inversely correlated to their area of assignment, place of residence and age.

Abstract: The study aimed to look into the extent of problems and coping mechanisms of student affiliates/ interns at the College of Health Sciences for the School Year 2024-2025. Specifically it looked into: the socio-demographic profile of the respondents, the significant relationship between the profile and the extent of problems and the extent of coping mechanisms and the significant relationship between the level of problems and extent of coping mechanisms of the respondents. Findings revealed that: The majority are 21 years old, are males, fathers and mothers are college graduates, half of the respondents have a family monthly income of Php 5,000-15,000. The extent of problems is High. The extent of use of the coping mechanisms of the respondents falls on a High extent. The sex is significantly related to the level problems encountered by the respondents in the clinical area. Age is significantly related to the overall coping mechanism of the respondents. There is no significant relationship between the overall extent of coping mechanism and the overall level of problems. It is recommended that: A dialogue shall be conducted every middle of the term for the students to have an avenue in raising their problems/ concems. The program shall be entitled Kumustahan. For the BSMLS program, it shall be done through google meet since students are deployed in different hospitals in Region I. A group chat / with the program head and RLE Coordinator shall be created as an avenue for raising problems that need immediate solution. An FB page shall be created for the purpose of affiliation or internship as an avenue for announcement related to duty or other activities related to affiliation or internship. A one-week enhancement program in the clinical area shall be conducted prior to exposure in the clinical setting to help the students familiarize with the procedures to set the tone for a long stressful clinical work. A comprehensive orientation on the policies on clinical affiliation, activities/procedures, equipmet, hospital staff for them to become fully aware prior to clinical practice. A self-awareness will be conducted for the students to understand their emotions and behaviors, helping them stay composed and make better decisions during clinical duties. A team building activity will be conducted as this will foster trust and communication, allowing students to work effectively with co- students and clinical instructors and provide better patient care.

Published Researches

Abstract: Modular learning is the most common approach adopted by the Department of Education. This study aimed to assess the perceived effects of modular learning on the attitudes and teaching performance of Junior High School teachers. It employed a quantitative descriptive correlational design. The research involved a total enumeration of Junior High School teachers at Ilocos Sur National High School during the SY 2021-2022. It examined the relationship between the perceived effects of modular learning and respondents’ profiles, including age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, monthly salary, years in teaching, training attended, number of preparations, area of specialization, and other school assignments. The findings indicated that most respondents were middle-aged, female-dominated, married, had a Bachelor’s degree with Master’s units, and had a monthly salary ranging from ₱29,798 to ₱32,069. Teachers perceived that modular learning had a positive impact on their attitudes, implying high positivity and acceptance. Similarly, the perceived effect on teaching performance received a high overall mean rating, suggesting that respondents believed it enhanced their teaching efficiency. Significant relationships were identified between perceived effects on teachers’ attitudes and age, civil status, monthly salary, years in service, area of specialization, and other school assignments. The perceived effects on teaching performance were associated with civil status and the number of training/seminars attended. The primary problems encountered were ineffective communication, insufficient resources, incomplete answer sheets, and difficulty validating students' performance, which can cause them to be stressed, burnt out, and even frustrated. Based on the findings, the school administration may work with the teachers to address their issues and concerns as they transition to the new normal teaching practices.

Completed Researches

Abstract: This is an initial inventory and documentation of ten built heritage structures in the town of San Vicente, Ilocos Sur found in the población and in Barangays Bayubay Sur and Bantaoay. They are classified into religious, institutional, residential and industrial types. Two religious structures are the San Vicente Parish Church and atrium fence, and San Vicente Parish Rectory; three institutional structures comprise the Palacio del Gobernadorcillo, Municipio and San Vicente Integrated High School building; four residential houses include the Maximo Lazo House (first Presidencia), house of Diega Rivera and her sisters, Museo ti Belen, and Abercio Rotor House; and a cluster of three stone vats (baldi) classified as industrial. Except for the House of Diega Rivera and her sisters, Museo ti Belen and Abercio Rotor House which belong to the American colonial period, all were built during the Spanish colonial period. Data gathering followed this procedure: (1) Conducting a visual survey to generate an initial list of built heritage, (2) Performing visual inspection of the exterior and interiors to assess general conditions, (3) Recording materials, surface finishes, ornaments, and other architectural elements, (4) Employing the traditional method of architectural documentation involving direct measurement aided by steel tape, digital meter, and laser level, and drafting to scale in CAD; (5) Capturing detailed photographs of critical and significant features, (6) Interviewing key informants and 7) Undertaking desk research. Awareness of San Vicente's built heritage fosters appreciation and valuing by its residents, instilling in them a sense of pride in their town and its cultural identity. The built heritage-including the intangible traditions-must be safeguarded and preserved. This initial inventory and documentation, therefore, lay the groundwork for the establishment of a heritage zone in San Vicente, ensuring priority protection of this built heritage to preserve the town's authenticity and cultural identity as it promotes sustainable tourism.

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Abstract: Macroalgae-invertebrate associations are fundamental to marine ecosystem health and productivity. These relationships encompass mutualistic symbioses, habitat provisioning, and nutrient cycling that support diverse marine life and fisheries. This study identified macroalgae-Invertebrate associations in Nalvo, Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur, employing descriptive and literature-based design. Specifically the study determined the percent cover of the macroalgae and associated invertebrate species, the type of association, and economic uses of these important marine organisms. Division Rhodophyta has the greatest percent cover both in the intertidal and subtidal zones, followed by Division Chlorophyta and Division Phaeophyta. Ecological associations between the macroalgae and invertebrate species range from commensalism, herbivory, facilitative, indirect mutualism, and predatory. Economic uses for the macroalgae range from food and nutraceuticals, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications, agar and carrageenan production, aquaculture, agriculture, biotechnology research, bioproducts, bioactive compounds, bioenergy, and environmental/ecological. For the invertebrates, economic uses range from marine ornamental trade, pharmaceutical research, ecological/environmental roles, food and nutraceuticals, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications/potential, aquaculture, natural dye source, livelihood support, pet/aquarium trade, scientific, research and conservation, biomedical research, bioremediation, cosmetics and personal care, industrial applications, pollution monitoring, and export and market value. It is recommended that a follow-up study to extend the data gathering period and to record abiotic parameters such as temperature, salinity, and light intensity during sampling to correlate with species; protection and conservation initiatives may be started by the fishermen's organization to rehabilitate the diminishing macroalgae and invertebrate species, as mentioned by the local residents, and at the same time to protect the existing resources. This pertains to the once abundant Tripneustes gratilla and other macro macroalgal morphology effects on invertebrate diversity and ecosystem stability

Abstract: Higher education institutions play a crucial role in preparing graduates for the global job market, particularly in dynamic industries like hospitality and tourism. This tracer study aimed to track the employment outcomes of graduates from the College of Hospitality and Tourism Management at the University of Northern Philippines from 2018 to 2020. Using a descriptive research design, the study examined the employment status of Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management (BS HRM) and Bachelor of Science in Tourism (BST) graduates. Data were collected through surveys and interviews with graduates and their employers, focusing on graduate profiles, employment trends, competencies acquired, curriculum effectiveness, and areas for improvement. Findings revealed that while most graduates secured employment, challenges such as job instability, underemployment, and the lack of professional certifications, particularly in tourism, persisted. Graduates identified core competencies in food and beverage services, hospitality management, and tourism planning as beneficial in the workplace. However, they emphasized the need for more hands-on training, extended internships, and industry-recognized certifications to align their education with industry demands. Employers expressed satisfaction with graduates' technical skills and work ethic but highlighted the need for enhanced leadership training, problem-solving skills, and exposure to global industry practices. In response to these findings, the study recommends strengthening industry collaboration to integrate certifications in key hospitality and tourism areas, enhancing experiential learning through extended internships and on-the-job simulations, and expanding career support services, including job placement programs and industry networking events. Additionally, leadership and problem-solving training should be incorporated into the curriculum to prepare students for managerial roles. The study also suggests promoting international internship opportunities, faculty-led study tours, and exchange programs to enhance global competitiveness. Future research should explore structured feedback mechanisms, allowing graduates to evaluate faculty performance, teaching methodologies, and the adequacy of school facilities to ensure continuous program development. Aligning academic programs with labor market needs through these strategies will improve graduates' employability and long-term career success in the hospitality and tourism industry.

Abstract: This study examines the complex and deeply personal experiences of Registered Criminologists undergoing the enlistment process in the Philippine National Police (PNP), highlighting the emotional, psychological, and spiritual dimensions of their journey. Despite holding professional qualifications, many applicants face recurring challenges such as quota-based exclusions, delayed enlistment, and emotional strain. The research aimed to understand how these experiences shape applicants' personal development, family relationships, and coping strategies. Using a qualitative-transcendental phenomenological design, the researchers conducted unstructured interviews with seven participants who initially failed but later succeeded in the enlistment process. Data were analyzed using thematic coding, with careful attention to informed consent, confidentiality, and participant validation. The analysis revealed four major themes: Formative Influences, Personal Impact, Relational Impact, and Coping Strategies. Under Formative influences, participants emphasized family support, spiritual belief, and systemic exclusion due to recruitment quotas. Personal Impact included emotional challenges, the development of resilience, and transformative self-growth. Relational Impact highlighted how enlistment outcomes affected the emotional well-being and outlook of family members. Coping Strategies encompassed spiritual endurance, perseverance, and intentional self-improvement through training and reflection. These findings suggest that the PNP enlistment process is not merely a procedural hurdle but a transformative life event that influences personal identity, mental health, and family dynamics. The study offers a deeper understanding of how applicants interpret, endure, and transcend institutional challenges while shaping their careers and relationships. It also contributes to the growing literature on law enforcement enlistment and the emotional labor behind public service entry in the Philippine context.

Published Researches

Abstract: The tremendous growth in global web usage has significantly increased digital connectedness and the community's vulnerability to online fraud, cyberattacks, and other forms of online exploitation. Public awareness, grassroots comprehension, and frontline staff's ability to successfully enforce regulations continue to be severely lacking. This study evaluated the knowledge of Bangued inhabitants regarding the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, also known as RA 10175, with an emphasis on sociodemographic, information sources, online platform usage, ownership of ICT devices, and understanding of its provisions, punishable acts, and punishments. It also examined the relationship between profiles and levels of awareness, as well as their differences across areas. A mixed-methods Explanatory Sequential design was used to quantitatively collect data from 394 respondents: 123 from schools, 48 from the business sector, and 223 residents, selected through stratified random sampling using Slovin's formula. The qualitative part involved nine participants purposely selected to explain emerging patterns from which data was used to triangulate the initial quantitative findings. Results revealed that respondents were generally aware of the provisions of the law and the punishable acts; however, the respondents had a low understanding of the penalties, with residents consistently demonstrating the lowest awareness, and there was a significant relationship between educational attainment, age of the community respondents, and their level of awareness of RA 10175. It is recommended that thisstudy provide localized, sector-specific evidence on awareness gaps in cybercrime legislation, which may inform community-based and sector-targeted cybercrime education initiatives, curriculumintegration, and business compliance training to address identified gaps in awareness of the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 and to support evidence-based awareness initiatives in Bangued, Abra.

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Abstract: Although the implementation of policy-community relations in Banayoyo, Ilocos Sur indicating a gap between the perceived level of implementation and the lived experiences of community stakeholders, the presence of several remaining challenges, including low community trust, perceived bias in enforcing the law, inattentiveness at duty, and community involvement, reveal that implementation and perceptions of policing strategies are still not aligned, which means that more needs to be done to rectify and reinforce community-oriented policing policies. This study provides localized evidence on police–community relations in a rural upland municipality, highlighting perception gaps that may inform more inclusive and trust-centered policing strategies. Further, it examined the implementation of police-community relations (PCR) in the upland municipality of Banayoyo, Ilocos Sur, focusing on the application of community-oriented policing (COP) strategies to enhance peace, order, and public safety. The scope of the study covered the extent of PCR implementation across patrol activities, organizational work, community interaction, crime prevention, community trust, traffic response, and information sharing. It was delimited to the perceptions of three groups of respondents, law enforcement officers, barangay council members, and households within the municipality, using a descriptive-comparative research design and a validated, structured questionnaire. Findings revealed a very high level of implementation of police-community relations across all indicators, particularly in patrol activities and crime prevention, reflecting the commitment of law enforcement officers in maintaining peace and order. However, results also showed a significant difference in perceptions among the respondent groups, with law enforcement officers rating the implementation higher than the barangay councils and households, who shared a similar level of perception. Despite the positive outcomes, several issues were identified, including a lack of trust between the police and the community, perceived bias in law enforcement, inattentiveness while on duty, and inadequate community engagement. Based on these findings, the study recommends adopting a comprehensive action plan to strengthen police-community partnerships. Regular seminars and training on police-community affairs, leadership, and ethical conduct are proposed, alongside consistent LGU-community dialogues and enhanced enforcement strategies to promote transparency, trust, and collaboration.

Abstract: Degradation happened in the coastal barangays of the Municipality of Sta. Catalina, Ilocos Sur, despite positive efforts made in the Philippines. This study assessed the coastal barangay profile; socio-economic activities in the pelagic, offshore, and foreshore zones; the extent of degradation due to natural and artificial factors; and the extent of coastal barangays’ resource protection efforts. Descriptive research with 318 conveniently selected respondents, a structured questionnaire, interviews, documentary analysis, mapping, descriptive statistics, and Mean were utilized. Findings revealed the barangays with the greatest number of FARMC members, the highest population, the most fishing boats, the highest tax allocation, and the most government facilities. The socio-economic activity in the Pelagic zone is fishing; the same is true in the Offshore, with fry collections; and at the Foreshore are restobar, sari-sari stores, motor parts sellers, street food vendors, and others. The degradation of coastal resources is extensive, caused by natural and artificial factors; however, a very great extent of coastal resource protection efforts by organized bodies and residents exists, while it is high only among the LGU. The study provides localized, evidence-based insights that can guide municipal-level coastal resource management and policy formulation. The conclusion states that the coastal barangays of the Municipality of Sta. Catalina, Ilocos Sur, provides physical accessibility and socio-economic opportunities that may support tourism-related activities; the socio-economic activities in the pelagic, foreshore, and offshore zones serve as livelihoods for residents; and the organized bodies and residents are good contributors to coastal resource management. It is recommended that the LGU continue and take additional necessary steps, such as holding regular competitions to manage coastal resources, which cover cleanliness and attractions, to improve the coastal area's appeal to tourists, increase revenue, and provide residents and visitors with better services.

Abstract: In the absence of proper collection, tracking, and implementation of local intelligence, community policing and the eventual security of citizens can hardly succeed. The other important program that connects the Philippine National Police (PNP) with community informants in the Philippines is the Barangay Information Network (BIN) program, which assists the police in promptly accessing crime prevention and reporting levels. This study assessed the level of knowledge among PNP personnel and BIN informants in the Province of Abra and assessed the realization of the BIN programs. The research design used was a descriptive-correlational design to investigate the level of knowledge among Philippine National Police (PNP) personnel and Barangay Information Network (BIN) informants, and to establish the level of BIN program implementation in the Province of Abra. The respondents included PNP employees from the Abra provincial intelligence unit, municipal police stations, and BIN informants from different barangays. The data collection was conducted using a validated researcher-designed questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, mean scores, and bivariate correlation analysis. The result indicated that the degree of knowledge and programmed action was rated as Very High both by the PNP staff members and the informants of the BIN. The positive relationship between informants' knowledge and the level of program implementationwas also strong across all areas, with meaningful results in overall knowledge and the reporting system. Although the overall results were encouraging, indicators such as insufficient network connections and insufficient training in database systems and safe reporting practices were the most frequent issues that influenced the program's effectiveness. Depending on the results, the researcher suggests more training for PNP personnel and BIN informants, and paying greater attention to information security, crime production, and the efficient use of intelligence systems. Feedback mechanisms and orientation programs should be enhanced to instill trust and ensure the accuracy and timeliness of reports. Continuous capacity-building, technical support, and active community engagement are also necessary to improve the long-term sustainability and impact of the BIN program. This study provides empirical, province-level evidence on how informant knowledge relates to the implementation of community-based intelligence programs, contributing to the literature on community policing and intelligence-led policing in rural Philippine contexts.

Abstract: Recognizing the role of local governments in translating sustainable development goals into concrete local actions, this study examined how Vigan City has operationalized the UN SDGs within its local governance framework, leveraging the avenue afforded to local governments to translate global development goals into actionable local imperatives. The study determined the administrative capability and commitment of Vigan City in the localization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It also addressed the city’s administrative capacity, commitment, and practices for coping with global sustainability frameworks and for localizinggovernance actions. The work was specifically focused on the city’s performance with respect to four selected goals: SDG #3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG #4 (Quality Education), SDG #11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and SDG #16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions). In addition, the best practices of the City of Vigan in localizing the Sustainable Development Goals as a model of effective and sustainable local governance werealso considered. This study utilized the quantitative descriptive-correlational research design, adopting the survey questionnaire of Anicas (2020), and involved two groups of respondents: 384 residents of Barangays 1-9 and Tamag,and sixkey informants. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis, including mean and bivariate correlation, as well asa thematic analysis.Results showed that Vigan City has a high level of administrative capability and a high commitment to the localization of Sustainable Development Goals. Its best practices are Leadership and Governance, Inclusion and Capacity Development, Financial Management and Resource Mobilization, and Empowering Community and Well-being. These areas point out the city's commitment to participatory governance, openness, and, along with that, inclusive local development. Administrative capability significantly influencesVigan City's commitmenttothe localization of the SDGs.This study recommends that city officials maintain exemplary leadership toward sustainable development. The LGU may integrate SDGs into local policies to further enhance the city’s commitment. Moreover, achieving the SDG agenda requires LGU capacity and collaboration with other sectors. Future research may also explore additional variables and mechanisms to improve SDG evaluation strategies. This study provides empirical, city-level evidence on how administrative capacity and governance commitmentinteract to localize the SDGs in the context of a heritage city.

Completed Researches

Abstract: Panagdamili (Pottery Making) in Vigan City's indigenous pottery-making tradition, as a significant economic and cultural enterprise that is deeply embedded in the heritage. With its rich history and development influenced by indigenous, Chinese, and Spanish elements, Damili is not just about artistry but about the identity and adaptability of the people in the area. The research goals included identifying the types of pottery products, outlining the steps in pottery production including material used, gender roles, and cultural practices and analyzing the current issues facing the industry. The data were collected through field interviews with the Damili makers from the barangays of Bulala, Pong-ol, Paratong, Ayusan, and Paoa Vigan City. Results indicate a series of traditional and utilitarian pottery products like baldosa (Vigan tiles), dalikan (clay stove), pagugingan (charcoal stove), and masitera (flower pots), among others. The process of making pottery is complex and labor-intensive, including procedures like clay extraction, soaking, molding, drying, and open-fire cooking. Gender roles are still prevalent, with men taking on the physically demanding aspects and women being responsible for finishing and detailing. Despite its richness in culture, Damili tradition is under threat from challenges such as shortage of capital, lack of raw materials, and indifference of the younger generation, which has compromised the sustainability of the craft. Some have started incorporating modern styles with conventional techniques to suit modern markets. Local authorities and cultural institutions should support Damili makers through skills training, marketing, and infrastructure development. This research emphasizes the need for sustained investment and advocacy to protect Damili as a means of historical livelihood and cultural heritage. Its preservation not only secures economic chance but also deepens the cultural heritage of Vigan through meaningful continuity between past and future generations.

Abstract: Pottery is a red-clay craft which is considered indigenous and traditional industry to seven barangays in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur. These barangays are located around the Vigan Hills in which the immediate surroundings of the Bantog Clay which is the main material used in making the pottery creations are found. This study aims to describe the lived experiences of Ilocano women in the pottery industry in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur. It made use the qualitative research design using the transcendental phenomology and hermeneutic technique. The participants of the study were 10 Ilocano women of the pottery industry in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur, ages 40 and above, working in the pottery industry for at least 10 years and willing to participate in the study. Snowball sampling was utilized in selecting the participants. The Moustakas's approach, narratives and structured interview with the participants was the tool in gathering the data which was validated by three experts. To analyze and interpret the responses of the participants were recorded into categories of important themes. The researchers coded the transcriptions of the responses of the participants. Themes that emerged after coding, categorizing and transcribing the narratives of the lived experiences of women in the pottery industry represent the participants' view: 1) building cooperation and teamwork; 2) creating the Ilocano identity; 3) economic upliftment; 4) develop creativity and art skills; 5) women empowerment. In conclusion, the narratives of the lived experiences of the women in the pottery industry in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur reflect the dynamics of their engagement in this cultural heritage of the Ilocanos. For the pottery industry to continue to flourish in the next generation despite the advancement of technology, and for the pottery workers to improve this handicraft and develop their creative and artistic skills, the Department of Trade and Industry should provide seminars, skills training, marketing strategies or techniques considering that this is their source of their livelihood in order to increase production. The Local Government, and Non-government Organizations like Cooperatives may help them by providing financial assistance.

Published Researches

Abstract: The growing problem of plastic and wood-based packaging highlights the urgent need for sustainable alternatives. This study investigated the feasibility of utilizing agricultural residues as sustainable raw materials for producing biodegradable packaging. Aiming to address the environmental consequences of plastic and wood-based packaging, the research examined the durability, texture, and cost-effectiveness of materials derived from different proportions of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) and corn husk fibers. An experimental design was employed, with samples produced in 50:50, 60:40, and 40:60 ratios. Durability was assessed through load-bearing analysis, while 30 respondents, composed of local carinderia owners and customers, evaluated the texture using a 5-point Likert scale. Statistical tools, including mean, standard deviation, and one-way ANOVA, were used to analyze the data. Results showed that all samples demonstrated very good durability (overall mean = 0.79 kg) and a smooth-to-very smooth texture (overall mean = 4.09), with the 60% cogon grass–40% corn husk proportion yielding the most favorable results. No significant differences were found among the three mixtures, indicating similar performance across proportions. The production cost, ranging from ₱34.50 to ₱36.50 per batch, confirmed economic feasibility at the laboratory scale. The findings affirm that agricultural residues can be transformed into durable, low-cost, and eco-friendly packaging materials under controlled, dry-condition testing, contributing to SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). This study provides experimental evidence on the use of composite non-wood fibers for biodegradable packaging, offering localized data relevant to sustainable materials development in the Philippine context. The study recommends further enhancement of fiber processing techniques, broader testing of mechanical properties, and policy integration under the Extended Producer Responsibility framework.

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Abstract: Republic Act No. 11313, the Safe Spaces Act or Bawal Bastos Law, is pivotal Philippine legislation addressing gender-based sexual harassment (GBSH) in public and educational spaces. Despite its importance, empirical assessment of its implementation within higher education institutions remains limited. This study assessed the awareness of and observance of the RA 11313 in the University of Northern Philippines (UNP) community during the academic years 2022-2024. It specifically aimed to assess knowledge and compliance levels concerning GBSH provisions in public streets, transportation, educational settings, and cases involving minors while examining the perceived role of local government units in enforcement. It applied the descriptive research design, taking the students of the different colleges, teaching and non-teaching employees with permanent employment status, and middle-level administrators using the Slovin's Formula for the sample size; gathering data through a questionnaire which was validated by three knowledgeable persons after the proposed study was reviewed by the In-house Review Committee and approved by the Ethics Review Committee following the ethical guidelines. The data were treated by frequency and percentage, mean, and ranking. Analysis revealed moderately high mean scores for both Awareness (3.36) and observance (3.25) across the university community. However, a significant disconnect emerged: only two formal violations were reported during the study period. Key barriers to effective implementation were identified as limited understanding of rights and responsibilities (92.56%), insufficient knowledge of the law's provisions (77.36%), and inadequate accountability mechanisms (77.02%). While baseline awareness and observance of RA 11313 at UNP are relatively high, substantial implementation gaps persist. The stark contrast between perceived observance and minimal formal reporting indicates underreporting and suggests deficiencies in reporting mechanisms and institutional response protocols. To foster a safer and more gender-responsive environment, UNP is recommended to strengthen its Gender and Development Office in partnership with Student Affairs and Human Resources. Key actions include establishing confidential reporting channels, conducting sustained awareness campaigns, and integrating comprehensive RA 11313 education into institutional training and development programs.

Abstract: Despite the presence of laws, and policies to protect animals, issues on neglect, abuse, illegal meat trading are still reported. This study assessed the implementation of RA 8485 in the Province of Ilocos Sur, focusing on the level of administrative capability of the implementers, the level of participation of the community/residents, the level of implementation of the RA 8485, and problems encountered in its implementation. Descriptive research was applied, with 24 implementers and 144 household heads as respondents in six municipalities of the two Districts of Ilocos Sur, with convenience sampling, utilizing a questionnaire. Results revealed that the levels of administrative capability of implementers, participation of the community/residents, along with protection of animals, and implementation of the RA 8485 were only high. Lastly, there were problems in the implementation of RA 8485, as mentioned by the implementers, such that the policy may be enhanced to consider those animals for pets and business; and by the household heads claiming that there is no strict implementation of the law. Conclusion elicited shows that the implementers are more capable in Leadership but low on personnel administration; community/residents provide adequate, clean, and sanitary facilities for the protection of their animals, but fail to provide sufficient food and water; and implement more on attending cruelty to animals but not on the Prohibition of animal fights. Both implementers and household heads faced significant challenges. Recommendation is for the Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Animal Industry (DA-BAI) to be in close collaboration with Local Government Units (LGUs), barangay implementers, civil society, and accredited animal welfare organizations, and adopt a multi-sectoral and community-driven strategy that integrates capacity-building, policy refinement, targeted public education, resource provision, and gender-responsive programming anchored by a robust monitoring and evaluation system.

Abstract: This study assessed the awareness and compliance on RA 10913 (Anti-Distracted Driving Act) in the Province of Ilocos Sur. Specifically, it determined the level of awareness and compliance of the respondents on RA 10913 along definition of distracted driving, coverage, exemptions, public information campaign, and penalties; differences on the awareness and compliance between and among the implementers, PUB and PUJ drivers, and PUB and PUJ commuters; and issues, problems, or challenges in the compliance of the RA 10913. The descriptive-comparative research was employed where the levels of awareness and compliance of respondents on RA10913 and the differences of the awareness and compliance between and among the respondents, as well as the issues/problems/challenges in the compliance were described. The respondents were the flying squads of the Land Transportation Office, the Highway Patrol Guards (HPGs), and the PNP as implementers. The other set of respondents were the public utility bus (PUB) and public utility jeepney (PUJ) drivers and commuters in the First District of the Province of Ilocos Sur using purposive sampling. The drivers and commuters were only those drivers and commuters of public utility bus and jeepneys plying from Vigan to Sinait and which are those registered at the Permit Licensing and Franchising Section in Vigan City. The implementers were those aware and part of the implementation of the RA 10913. Quota sampling was applied for the sample size. The data-gathering instrument was questionnaire coupled with interview and observation. The items of the questionnaire were based on the implementing rules and regulations of the RA 10913 and were validated by three experts on the field. The researchers applied the ethical guidelines of social science research throughout the whole process of data gathering, analysis and presentation. This study employed the Frequency and Percentage as well as Mean to treat the data. Findings revealed that overall, the level of awareness and compliance of the implementers, PUB/PUJ drivers, and PUB/PUJ commuters on RA 10913 along the definition of Distracted Driving, Coverage, Exemptions, Public Information Campaign, and Penalties is Average, as supported by the overall mean rating of 2.91 and 2.85, respectively; statistically significant differences were found among the three respondent groups in their awareness of the following components of RA 10913: Definition of Distracted Driving ( F = 4.424 , p = 0.014 ), Coverage ( F = 4.886 , p = 0.009 ), Exemptions ( F = 6.46 , p = 0.002 ), and ( F = 5.675 . =.004). On the other hand, no significant differences were observed in the respondents' awareness of Public Information Campaigns ( F = 0.91 , p = 0.405 ) and their Overall Awareness ( F = 1.606 , p = 0.205 ); in significant difference on compliancewas found among the three respondent groups in the domains of the Definition of Distracted Driving ( F = 7.061 , p = 0.001 ), Coverage ( F = 6.465 , P = 0.002 ), Exemptions (F 4.977, P = 0.008 ), Public Information Campaigns ( F = 6.185 , P = 0.003 ) and Penalties ( F = 8.576 , However, the ANOVA results show no statistically significant difference in overall ( F = 0.78 , p = 0.461 ). There are issues/problems or challenges claimed by each group of the respondents (PNP/HPG/LTO, PUB/PUJ Drivers, and PUB/PUJ Commuters). p < 0.001 ) Conclusions elicit that the average level of awareness among implementers, PUB and PUJ drivers, and commuters regarding the definition of distracted driving under RA 10913 highlights a crucial need for strengthened education and information campaigns to ensure

Abstract: This study aimed to determine the degree of performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) in fulfilling their roles and functions. Additionally, the study also looked into the extent of effectiveness of SK in promoting good governance and fostering community development. It also explores the best practices employed by SK officials, as well as the challenges they experience in carrying out their duties. A descriptive research design was utilized in conducting the study. The respondents consisted of 304 individuals, including elected SK officials, barangay officials, and members of the Katipunan ng Kabataan. In determining the sample size, total enumeration was employed for the SK respondents, while a quota-sampling technique was used for KK members and barangay officials. Daia was collected from two barangays in each municipality or city, with a sample drawn from two municipalities within three clustered municipal groups and two component cities in the province of Ilocos Sur. A self-constructed questionnaire served as the data-gathering instrument, and descriptive siulistics were applied to analyze the data. The findings indicate that SK officials demonstrate a high level of performance in their duties and junctions across key ureus, including local legislation, the initiation and implementation of programs, projects, and activities (PPAs), resource mobilization, linkages with youth organizations and other civil society organizations (CSOs), umi engagement with government agencies. They are particularly effective in advancing good governance and community development, as evidenced by the high descriptive ratings they receivea. Ume of the must noiable resi practice boerred in their chility to cultivate strong interpersonal relationships, a trait essential for effective public service. However, a significant structural barrier to effective SK governance icdemified in its sinly in the challenge of managing administrative functions.

SDG 1 - NO POVERTY

The Dynamics of Agricultural Land Use Cover Change Using Agricultural Carrying Capacity: The Case of Magsingal, Ilocos SurPDF

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Diversity and Catch per Unit Effort of Marine Fishes Caught by Various Fishing Gears in Cabugao, Ilocos SurPDF

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Feasibility of Cogon Grass (Imperata cylindrica) and Corn Husk as Sustainable Materials for Food PackagingPDF

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Bioconversion Of Food Waste Using Black Soldier (Hermetia illucens) Fly Larvae and African Nightcrawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae)PDF

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Coastal Resource Conditions and Management Efforts in Sta. Catalina, Ilocos Sur: A Descriptive AssessmentPDF

Abstract

Development of a Low-Cost and Sustainable Biodiesel Reactor Using Waste Cooking OilPDF

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SDG 2 - ZERO HUNGER

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SDG 3 - GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

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SDG 4 - QUALITY EDUCATION

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SDG 5 - GENDER EQUALITY

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SDG 6 - CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

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SDG 7 - AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY

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SDG 8 - DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

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SDG 9 - INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE

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SDG 10 - REDUCED INEQUALITIES

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SDG 11 - SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

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SDG 12 - REPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION

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SDG 13 - CLIMATE CHANGE

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SDG 14 - LIFE BELOW WATER

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SDG 15 - LIFE ON LAND

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SDG 16 - PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS

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SDG 17 - PARTNERSHIP FOR THE GOALS

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The Dynamics of Agricultural Land Use Cover Change Using Agricultural Carrying Capacity: The Case of Magsingal, Ilocos Sur PDF

Diversity and Catch per Unit Effort of Marine Fishes Caught by Various Fishing Gears in Cabugao, Ilocos Sur PDF

Feasibility of Cogon Grass (Imperata cylindrica) and Corn Husk as Sustainable Materials for Food Packaging PDF

Coastal Resource Conditions and Management Efforts in Sta. Catalina, Ilocos Sur: A Descriptive Assessment PDF

Development of a Low-Cost and Sustainable Biodiesel Reactor Using Waste Cooking Oil PDF