UNP Sustainability
Development Goals
SDG 3 - GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
The University of Northern Philippines (UNP) is committed to advancing Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being through its comprehensive approach to medical education, research, and community engagement. As an institution offering medicine and allied health professional programs, UNP has developed a strategic plan to contribute significantly to achieving SDG 3.
Lived Experiences of Special Education Teachers in the New Normal
Proponents: Edmar M. Paguirigan, Marjorie Janel R. Paguirigan, Lorely A. Ablog
Abstract
The primary objective of this research study is to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the practical challenges special education teachers face when delivering services to students with disabilities amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, given the altered format of education delivery in Ilocos Sur, Philippines. Five special education instructors who offer specialized educational services to students with disabilities are included in the study. The subsequent overarching motifs were identified via qualitative analysis of interview transcripts: (1) Feeling Stressed and (2) Challenges and Problems
Encountered. The unparalleled shift towards distance learning, specifically modular learning, has engendered a sense of strain among educators, who perceive themselves as being (1) burnout teacher, (2) A teacher who lacks training, and (3) A teacher who needs support. SPED instructors encountered similar difficulties and obstacles when attempting to implement modular distance learning. They encountered challenges in (1) Contacting and Connecting to Students, (2) Planning the Activities, (3) Making the Learning Activity Sheets (LAS), and (4) Evaluating Incomplete and Unanswered LAS. The results of this study will offer insights into the practical challenges faced by special educators during distance learning, as well as identify supplementary resources that will enhance special education in the current paradigm.
Keywords: Special Education Teachers, Learners with Special Needs, Distance Learning
The Status of the Sports Development Program of a State University in Region 1
Proponents: Chasen G. Almazan
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the status of the Sports Development Program of the University of Northern Philippines for the Academic Year 2020-2021. It employed the descriptive correlational method of research. The data gathered were treated with the following tools: frequency count and percentage, weighted mean, ranking, and correlation analysis. Results revealed that overall, the UNP’s Sports Development Program status is “Very Satisfactory.” The performance of the teams was found to be significantly related to the status of the university’s sports development program in terms of its implementation of strategies and techniques, support systems, benefits, incentives and awards, and competencies of coaches. The student-athletes face the challenges of balancing athletic and academic responsibilities. The following recommendations are forwarded: (1) All the Coaches and Trainers should be encouraged to improve their craft by attending relevant training; (2) Student athletes should also be able to excel not only in sports but also in academics; (3) The Sports Development should take necessary steps in improving the performance of the Teams in the competitions; (4) The best practices of the high-performing HEIs should be adapted; (5) Mechanisms and action plans should address the problems and concerns of the respondents. (6) Year-round sports activities involving all the stakeholders should be conducted to strengthen linkages and promote health and wellness.
Keywords: Sports, coaches, student-athletes, sports development program, sports activities
Development and Validation of Technostress Scale (TSS) for Students
Proponents: Edelyn A. Cadorna, Jake B. Garnace, Janet T. Molina, Christian S. Domondon, Jeffrey E. Galangco
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and validate a Technostress scale for Filipino students using development and research method. Items in the scale were constructed through interviews with purposively selected tertiary students and were subjected to validation by experts. Results showed a high level of content and face validity. Exploratory Factor Analysis showed five misfits of the scale: abilities-demands of technology, abilities-demands of a school requirement, person-people, needs-supplies of technology, and needs-supplies of the school. In addition, Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated that the model of the scale has an acceptable fit. The convergent and discriminant validity results revealed that the scale exhibits psychometric quality, and the items reliably measure their corresponding constructs. Based on the reliability index, the questionnaire could yield the same results even after multiple trials. Therefore, educators can use the developed technostress scale to diagnose students with problems adjusting to a technology-based learning environment.
Keywords: tertiary students, technostress, technology, development, validation
Uncovering Health Problems of UNP Personnel
Proponents: Ernesto Tagorda Jr., Glenda Tagorda, Marsha Michelle Cabuena, Kriza Rosette A. Cadorna
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the uncovered health problems of University of Northern Philippines (UNP) employees. The retrospective cohort study included UNP employees who took the 2021 Annual Medical Exam (AME). Data on their demographics, medical history, test results, and examination findings were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to present the subjects’ profile and overall health. The simple correlation was used to describe the relationship between the medical problems uncovered and the respondents’ profile. Generally, the respondentsare fit to work. However, more than half of the respondents had unsatisfactory health status, and hypertension was the most prevalent cause of morbidity. The study has uncovered diseases of the employees with Urinary tract infection (UTI) as the most uncovered disease.Furthermore, the research reveals a highly significant relationship between respondents’ age and undiagnosed heart problems or diabetes mellitus (DM). Additionally, there is a highly significant relationship between sex and undiagnosed health conditions. Moreover, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and anemia are significantly related to the type of employment. The AME has uncovered several health problems which may contribute to employees’ poor work performance. Thus, early detection and treatment of any health problem can improve the health and productivity of the university workforce.
Keywords: health status, uncovered health problems, annual medical exam
Lived experiences and academic aspirations of American citizens living with home-based care Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients
Proponents: Ernesto Tagorda Jr., Glenda Tagorda, Marsha Michelle Cabuena, Kriza Rosette A. Cadorna
Abstract
The study explores the lived experiences and academic aspirations of the participants living with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a rare neuromuscular disorder which could result in an early death due to its progression. This study used the descriptive phenomenology with purposeful sampling in the recruitment of the participants. A semi-structured interview guide was used and various platforms were considered such as actual interview in actual setting with the inclusion of videoconferencing and telephone interviews in gathering the data needed. The seven-step method of data analysis of Colizzi was utilized in data analysis in order to derive the themes of this qualitative
research. Four major themes emerged that reflected the lived experiences of the American citizens in this study namely: Theme 1: The State of being physically impaired; Theme 2: Support, Social Dependency and Independency; Theme 3: Academic aspirations, Theme 4: Positive Outlook in life and dependable caregivers. The process involves the experiences of the American citizens in the care of DMD patients aside from the dependable medical ventilators and other devises to extend the life span of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patient under their care. Results show positive scenarios of the life experiences of the American citizens with Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Despite the enormous demands of their unique task, the participants showed encouraging dispositions (Theme 4: Positive outlook in life- you can do it, dependable caregiver). Further, it is noted that in spite of these challenges, setting aside the academic aspirations of the patients was never an option.
Keywords: physically impaired, federal, life span, educational aspirations, positive outlook in life
An Enhanced Segmentation and Deep Learning Architecture for Early Diabetic Retinopathy Detection
Proponents: Renato R. Maaliw, Zoren P. Mabunga, Maria Rossana D. De Veluz, Alvin S. Alon, Ace C. Lagman, Manuel B. Garcia, Luisito Lolong Lacatan, Rhowel M. Dellosa
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a serious complication needing prompt diagnosis and medication to avert vision loss. Lesions caused by the condition are difficult to track because they are hidden behind the eye’s structure in small and subtle forms. To extract relevant features., we created a robust pipeline using multiple preprocessing techniques., image segmentation architecture (DR-UNet) with atrous spatial pyramid pooling., and an attention-aware deep learning convolutional network with different modules based on ResidualNet. Empirical results show that our framework has segmentation accuracies of 87.10% (intersection over union) and 84.50% (dice similarity coefficient). Moreover., classification performance of 99.20% provided better results than existing schemes., as reinforced by the smooth convergence of training/validation loss and accuracy. This study has the potential to supplement traditional diagnosis to identify better the ailment in its early and advanced stages.
Keywords: attention-aware DCNN, atrous spatial pyramid pooling, blindness, fundus images, lesion detection, ophthalmology
Effect of Centrifugation Speed and Time on the Blood Chemistry
Proponents: Ariel A. Lozano, Wynona Jenn D. Malvar, Bernard Adrian B. Mana, Francis Alvin V. Mercado, Marianne B. Queddeng, Ariana Sariah Paris P. Tejano, Carmela M. Florentino
Abstract
Blood chemistry testing requires centrifugation as one of the crucial pre-analytical phases. Usual differences in the speed and time of centrifugation influence specimens to varying extents among laboratories. This prompted the researchers to ascertain the effects of varying centrifugation speeds and times on healthy individuals’ blood chemistry values and reduce the centrifugation time attested by the World Health Organization (WHO). Blood specimens were collected from four healthy adults, centrifuged, and then analyzed using the VITROS 5600 Automated Machine. The dry chemistry principle was applied. Three sets of speed and time were applied (1) 3,500 RPM for 15 minutes (WHO recommended), (2) 3,750 RPM for 10 minutes, and (3) 4,000 RPM for 5 minutes. The parameters include Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Total Cholesterol (Total CHOLE), Creatinine (Crea), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K). The results of the serum chemistry values have no significant difference between different speeds and times against the standard set by WHO and were found to be acceptable, normal, and close in range with each other. Therefore, these can be substituted for the WHO-recommended speed and time. The researchers forward the following recommendations: (1) tests should be conducted to respondents with comorbidities and to younger and older individuals; (2) conduct the tests in triplicates and consider using other methods and more participants should be considered; and; (3) consider lesser time in centrifugation.
Keywords: Centrifugation, speed, time, chemistry testing, WHO recommendation
Domestic Violence Against Women: A Global Perspective
Proponents: Remedios T. Navarro, Cid A. Javier, Edelyn A. Cadorna, Grace A. Garcia, Bonna Mae S. Gorospe
Abstract
Women’s physical, reproductive, and emotional health are all significantly impacted by intimate partner violence (IPV), which is now recognized as a serious public health issue. According to the feminist paradigm, intimate partner violence is a complex issue that involves both socio-cultural and psychological elements interacting. To realize an accurate cluster of countries and develop a statistical model to explain the prevalence of domestic violence against women, a data mining model of global domestic violence against women’s incidence was constructed. The research results show three clusters among the countries from the different regions of the world, characterized by the variables considered. Moreover, the results reveal that the poverty gap, literacy rate, alcohol consumption of men, the share of the population with alcohol or drug use disorders, prevalence of anxiety disorders in women, and prevalence of depressive disorders in both men and women came out as significant predictors.
Keywords: global domestic violence, feminist theory of violence, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis
Assessment of the Community Well-Being in Ilocos Sur, Philippines: A Basis for Health Extension Plan
Proponents: Epifania Marlene R. Purisima, Jevie A. Abella, Raymund Christopher dela Pena, Edna R. Javier
Abstract
This descriptive quantitative study determined the level of community well-being among the residents of Brgy. Napo, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur, involving all 149 family heads. The dependent variables are the five areas of community well-being: Clean and Green, Growth and Prosperity, Healthy Lifestyle, Safety and Security, Sense of Community, and Sustainable and Connected Transport. The independent variables comprise their socio-demographic profile. An adapted questionnaire checklist was utilized in gathering data. The mean and percentage we used to analyze the data gathered. It was found that hypertension and heart attack are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, respectively. Their community well-being is high, along with the sense of community, sustainable and connected transport, clean and green, safety and security, and growth and prosperity. However, their community well-being and healthy lifestyle are low. Based on the study’s findings, the following recommendations are made: 1) Support from the local government unit along livelihood
programs, high-quality broadband, and sound policy framework on digital networks, and digital skill training; 2) support for low-income families by non-government organizations; 3) execution of the health extension plan, the “Healthy NA’PO! Project,” by the University of Northern Philippines and 4) Conduct of qualitative study for future research.
Keywords: Community Well-being, Assessment, Health Extension Plan
Light at the End of the Tunnel: Lived Experiences of Covid 19 Survivor
Proponents: Romelia P. Tamayo, Fe R. Rodillas
Abstract
The purpose of this interpretative phenomenological qualitative study is to provide an in-depth understanding, description, and interpretation of the disease experiences of COVID-19 survivors. The participants were the nine patients discharged from the different hospitals after receiving treatments from the intensive care units and covid wards. Data were collected through individual in-depth face-to-face and virtual interviews until data saturation were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method. Six main themes and 15 subthemes emerged: the main themes include: reactions while waiting for the COVID-19 test results, the physical and mental effects of COVID-19, adherence to the treatment and management in the hospital, treatment of hospital staff to their patients, support systems, and coping mechanisms of COVID-19 survivors. Understanding the patient’s disease signs and symptoms should serve as a basis for developing medications and treatments for COVID patients. They should adopt the coping mechanisms presented in this study because it may help them recover, as proven by the survivors. Further study is also recommended in a wider and broader scope.
Keywords: COVID-19 signs and symptoms, Phenomenology, COVID-19 treatments, COVID-19 survivor, COVID -19 virus
When Freedom is Regained: The Life Experiences of Persons Deprived of Liberty after Incarceration
Proponents: Dolores R. Bersamina, Aurora R. Quero
Abstract
The study focuses on the experiences of Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDLs) after regaining their freedom. The transition to life outside prison can be challenging, potentially leading to reintegration or disintegration. Researchers used transcendental phenomenology to extract vital information from 10 PDLs, identifying significant themes to better understand their situations. The idea of living outside the jail can bring mixed feelings, with excitement and hope but also uncertainty and worry. PDLs struggled to fulfill their obligations to their families and faced social disapproval and the temptation to end their lives as a form of escape. Despite these challenges, their connection and faith in God prevailed, and they realized the importance of becoming a better person for reintegration. The PDLs’ vision is to provide for their families and sacrifice their own happiness for a selfless life disposition. The vision of young PDLs living a happy life with loved ones, spouses, or marriage is equally important.
Keywords: Freedom, Regained, Persons Deprived of Liberty, Transcendental Phenomenology, Reintegration
Understanding the Nature and Condition of Adolescents with Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Proponents: Alexandria Blake C. Real, Jennifer M. Garcia
Abstract
The study aimed to recognize and categorize the characteristics of adolescents with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). This study is qualitative research utilizing the multiple case study design to determine the common symptoms of ten (10) individual cases with GAD from each of their psychologists. Interview guide question was developed to set a direction in gathering the clients’ nature and condition. A thematic analysis using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) method was used to formulate relevant extracts’ themes to understand their common symptoms. The findings revealed that adolescents who are diagnosed with GAD have manifestations of physiological, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms. This study posits an easier understanding of their symptoms in the context of a Filipino setting through their psychologists’ transcriptions. With the findings, a better understanding of the perspective of adolescents with GAD can be conveyed to the community in preventing public
and self-stigma amongst them. This is also a step forward in designing effective psychotherapeutic interventions tailored to their needs. A program for their mental health protection and promotion is also recommended for further studies.
Keywords: Common Symptoms, adolescents, generalized anxiety disorder
Social Support and Techno-stress of Faculty Members in a State University in Northern Luzon, Philippines
Proponents: Alexandria Blake C. Real-Pisalbo, Mico M. Molina, Kristina Camille V. Pacris-Quitevis, Aldrin S. Jaramilla
Abstract
This descriptive-correlational study investigates the relationship between social support and technostress among 260 University of Northern Philippines faculty members, aiming to propose an action plan for the institution. Findings reveal a notable level of technostress experienced by UNP faculty, with factors like usefulness, reliability, presenteeism, and pace of change significantly impacting them, while complexity does not. Despite a moderately high level of perceived social support derived from family, friends, and significant others, there is no significant correlation between received social support and technostress dimensions. However, a weak negative relationship is observed between perceived social support and technostress. The study concludes that while The Safe Space Project addresses technostress, the dynamic technological workplace underscores the necessity for a dedicated University Psychologist. Such a professional can offer tailored guidance to faculty members, ensuring a comprehensive approach to mental health support in the digital age.
Keywords: Social Support, Technostress, Faculty, State University, Northern Luzon
The Untold Stories of People Who Had Suicidal Ideations: A Phenomenological Study
Proponents: Krista B. Manzano, Pe R. Asuncion, Blessie Ann R. Cabato, Andrea Mae F. Jimenez, Alyssa Jane B. Palacpac, Cherry B. Banilad
Abstract
This study explored and described the lived experiences of people who had suicidal ideations. It gathered information and real-life experiences to reveal the significant life stories of persons with suicidal thoughts. Descriptive phenomenology was employed to explore and describe the lived experiences of young adults who had suicidal ideation. The study included eight participants who were selected purposively. A semi-structured individual interview was utilized in gathering the data. Data analysis was done immediately after every data collection using Colaizzi’s seven-step processes. This study has three central themes that emerged from the data which included a) emotional experience, b) life’s crisis, and c) sparks of hope in life. The main themes are classified into eleven categories: the feeling of emptiness, feeling of worthlessness, feeling of emotional pain, feeling of giving up, family conflict, intrapersonal conflict, challenging life situations, isolation, restoration and installation of hope, sustaining positive relationships, and sense of life. This research revealed that all have their battles to fight. Coping with their issues, becoming independent, and trying to bridge the gap between their dear ones and, most importantly, with themselves entail emotional labor, as each participant from a different context with different backstories shared their unique experiences. Therefore, student nurses should uplift these vulnerable groups’ spiritual values and morals and encourage them to vent their feelings to trusted friends.
Keywords: Suicide, ideations, real-life, experiences, young adult
Itneg Mother’s Concessions: Perinatal Beliefs and Practices Unwrapped
Proponents: Daryll Jeremy Virtudes, Andrea Janella Labuni, Hannah Kaye Tolentino, Jamaica Tenorio, Lilia Elizabeth Quitevis, Glayza Mae Manzano, Jantrix Ace Collado, Nico Van Adrian Villahermosa, Jevie A. Abella
Abstract
This study unwrapped and discussed the beliefs and practices of Itnegs during the perinatal period, particularly in the pregnancy, postpartum, and infant care phases. A descriptive phenomenology type of qualitative study was utilized to explore the beliefs and practices of the Itnegs in Barangay Cadanglaan, Magsingal, Ilocos Sur. With all the revelations of the participants, the following conclusions were coiled: The first central theme is Neonatal and Intrapartal Care with two categories, Superstitious Beliefs and Practices, Multivitamin Supplementation, and Safety Measures; under this theme highlighted the beliefs and practices that they follow to attain good delivery of fetus and practices that may lessen the jeopardy of complications that may lead to abortion and other complications of the mother and the fetus. The second theme is postpartum care, which has two categories: scientific and indigenous approaches. This portion revealed that Itnegs have different beliefs and practices that focus on faster healing of the mother and prevention of post-delivery complications of the fetus; all are anchored to the inherited knowledge from their predecessors. The third theme is Neonatal Care, with three categories, Protection Feeding Approaches and Home Remedies, which lean on protecting against harm to the infant, both physiologic and superstitious claims. Lastly, the fourth theme is Introspections with two categories: Culture Adaptation and Culture Preservation, wherein these folks showed how worried they are about possibly eliminating these native practices and beliefs and how they adapted new practices. Itnegs are one of the IP groups with gazillions of practices and beliefs that are fascinating and tested over time. However, as days go on, these ancestral concepts weren’t transmitted to the present generation, which gives an increased possibility of being covered up by modern approaches. The revelation of these tribal concepts is essential because they are not just considered manna but treasures sharpened by time and challenged by the dynamic world.
Keywords: Perinatal, beliefs, practices, itnegs
The Lifeworld of Voluntary Childless Married Couples
Proponents: Jesserie Grace C. Anglo, Ariza May Q. Quiocho, Sunshine M. Tubera, Marinella Yagin, Bonna Mae S. Gorospe
Abstract
Childlessness is an increasingly common phenomenon in modern society, and couples who do not have children often face unique experiences. Despite the existing literature about being childless, a dearth of recent evidence on the lifeworld was noted. This qualitative study explored the lifeworld of ten voluntary childless married couples using transcendental phenomenology. Data were gathered through one-on-one semi-structured interviews with a researcher-made guide. Data were transcribed, coded, and categorized to obtain the results of the study. Data revealed that factors contributing to voluntary childlessness included age, body concerns, career focus, fear of responsibility, socio-economic factors, and others’ experiences. Informants reported positive emotions, togetherness, financial security, career focus, firm decision-making, support systems, and social challenges in their experiences. Their future perspectives included contentment, commitment, increased time together, anxiety, and thoughts on inheritance. The study suggests a need for further research on this topic. Additionally, information and educational materials about raising awareness, finding support, and building the confidence of the voluntary childless married couples to speak up and recognize their uniqueness should be developed.
Keywords: Marriage, Childlessness, Transcendental Phenomenology, Moustakas, Philippines
Roses After the Thorns: Challenges and Coping Among the Spouses of Uniformed Personnel
Proponents: Alma Josefina A. Bobita, Wendelyn R. Talbo
Abstract
This study explored and described the experiences of the spouses of uniformed personnel, specifically on their challenges and coping. It employed the transcendental phenomenology design to understand the experiences of the spouses of uniformed personnel. Semi- structured interviews were utilized to elicit information to answer the research questions. The interview was conducted using telephones, cellphones, and video calls. The participants were spouses of uniformed personnel who rendered ten years and above in service. The study revealed that uniformed personnel spouses were confronted with challenges because they have their unique ways of coping with various challenges. These challenges are time, stress, and nervous breakdown. Their coping mechanisms are faith in God and understanding the nature of work. The Armed Forces of the Philippines must organize activities involving all the family members of the spouses of the uniformed personnel.
Keywords: challenges, spouses, experiences, uniformed personnel, coping
Votive Offerings for Miracles: Ex-Votos for Apo Lakay at the Simbaan a Bassit in Vigan City
Proponents: Ashley Paulino S. Martinez
Abstract
This study explored and described the experiences of the spouses of uniformed personnel, specifically on their challenges and coping. It employed the transcendental phenomenology design to understand the experiences of the spouses of uniformed personnel. Semi- structured interviews were utilized to elicit information to answer the research questions. The interview was conducted using telephones, cellphones, and video calls. The participants were spouses of uniformed personnel who rendered ten years and above in service. The study revealed that uniformed personnel spouses were confronted with challenges because they have their unique ways of coping with various challenges. These challenges are time, stress, and nervous breakdown. Their coping mechanisms are faith in God and understanding the nature of work. The Armed Forces of the Philippines must organize activities involving all the family members of the spouses of the uniformed personnel.
Keywords: challenges, spouses, experiences, uniformed personnel, coping
Assessment of the Spiritual Nursing Care Competencies of Nursing Students in the Ilocos Region, Philippines: A Descriptive Correlational Study
Proponents: Epifania Marlene R. Purisima, PhD, RN and Norenia T. Dao-ayen, PhD, RN
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the spiritual nursing care competencies of BSN students in Region 1 through the utilization of a descriptive-correlational research design involving the 424 Levels 2 – 4 BSN students and 125 clinical instructors from 14 selected higher education institutions. Data were gathered through questionnaires and were analyzed using frequency percentage, mean, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Findings revealed that the extent of the spiritual nursing care competencies of BSN students in Region 1 is moderate (spiritual nursing knowledge: x ̄= 11.18; spiritual values: x ̄= 3.77; and spiritual nursing skills: x ̄= 2.76). There is a very weak positive, statistically significant correlation between the students’ year level and spiritual values (r = 0.135, SD = 0.63, p < 0.01) and spiritual nursing skills (r = 0.153, SD = 0.62, p < 0.01). Furthermore, a very weak inverse significant relationship was revealed between the school category (r = -0.113, SD = 0.62, p < 0.05) and the level of accreditation (r = -0.101, SD = 0.62, p < 0.05) to their spiritual nursing skills. The BSN students in Region 1 are reasonably competent in rendering spiritual nursing care. Their year level, school category, and school accreditation are important factors to better spiritual nursing skills. As they advance in the year level, they are likely to assimilate spiritual values that are indispensable in delivering spiritual nursing care. However, amidst this favorable competence, clinical instructors still see the students as work in progress, capable of excelling. Thus, the utilization of the training module, which is an output of this endeavor, can help the nurse educators mold BSN students to advance their spiritual nursing care competence.
Keywords: baldi, indigo vats, indigo dye, built heritage, heritage protection
Young Adults' Intrapersonal Construct of Sexual Harassment
Proponent: Irene Abigail S. Guerrero, DComm
Abstract
There is little literature discussing the construction of meaning at an individual level about sexual harassment. This study presented the level of perception of males and females on sexually harassing content and discussed how males and females construe sexual harassment. Using integrated mixed methods and employing quota sampling, 400 respondents from the Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur provinces participated in the survey, and 10 participants were interviewed. Based on the study results, females and males have varying levels of perception of verbal, visual, physical, and digital body language constructs relating to sexually harassing content. Their levels of perception of sexually harassing content are more pronounced in same-sex communication; female-to-female, and male-to-male communication events. Further, the construct of sexual harassment was influenced by the sender’s and recipient’s gender and sex, degree of intimacy in relationships, and non-verbal communication. Future studies could explore policy sciences, computer-mediated communication, and misinterpretation and miscommunication in within sexual harassment issues.
Keywords: baldi, indigo vats, indigo dye, built heritage, heritage protection