UNP Sustainability
Development Goals
SDG 4 - QUALITY EDUCATION
The University of Northern Philippines (UNP) demonstrates a strong commitment to Sustainable Development Goal 4: Quality Education through its comprehensive approach to providing inclusive, and equitable quality education, and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all.
Taxonomy of Insects in San Juan, Ilcoos Sur, Philippines
Proponents: KITZ A. ELECHO, JOSHUA A. BATARA, VIRGILIO B. GASCON, MARITESS R. RABOY, ALMA B. SEGISMUNDO, JESSY C. DOMINGO
Abstract
Considered the most diverse animal group on the planet, insects play significant roles in the production of essential seeds, fruits, and vegetables through pollination, decomposition of organic matter, control of populations of other organisms, and provision of food for other taxa, including humans. This study aimed to conduct a taxonomic study of insects in San Juan, Ilocos Sur, Philippines, and classify them as to order family, scientific name, common name, and species richness between the two study areas, Barbar and Immayos Sur. One hundred forty-one (141) adult insects were collected and taxonomically classified employing the latest classification schemes and identification keys from authoritative individuals and databases from credible websites, as well as catalogs, checklists, synopses, and other reliable published references. Of these 141 specimens, which the researchers purely identified, some still need to be adequately identified, including those fifty-six (56) species identified at the family level, sixty-five (65) valid genera, and thirty-two (32) species that were marked ‘INDET’ (indeterminable) but were identified at least at the family level or tribal
level. Twenty-four (24) species are suspected to be new, and a comparison of these with the collections in Natural History Museums is highly recommended for their verification. A tabulated classification of insects occurring in San Juan, Ilocos Sur is presented. In terms of species richness, there are more insect species in the forests and water ecosystems of Barbar than in Immayos Sur, San Juan, Ilocos Sur.
Keywords: species, order, scientific name, species richness
Learning Experiences of Students in a General Education Course in Mathematics
Proponents: Glenda C. Rabanal, Christian S. Domondon
Abstract
Providing students the avenue to express themselves and how they view their course learning is essential to motivate them and building their confidence to learn. Many studies were already conducted on the student’s perception of the course using quantitative methods to determine the factors contributing to the enhancement and development of educational programs. The course’s learning experiences are not well-known. Hence, this study determined students’ learning experiences in a general education course in Mathematics. By using a descriptive qualitative design, this study involved interviews with ten students pursuing a nursing course at a university in Northern Philippines during the school year 2019-2020. Using semi-structured interviews, questions on perceptions, feelings, and thoughts about the general education course — Mathematics in the Modern World – were asked of the student participants. Consequently, to analyze the data, the researchers made use of a thematic approach. Based on the in-depth analysis, the student’s learning experiences can be summarized in two major themes: appreciation and criticism of the course. Some students appreciate the course because it is enjoyable, educative, helpful, and good. They also viewed the course as an essential subject in college. Others criticize the course stressing it was confusing, boring, and difficult. Because of the technical elements and analytical skills, the participants were confused and had trouble learning the course. Accordingly, this aspect must be considered in the course design, educational programs, and curriculum enhancement.
Keywords: Lived Experiences, Mathematics in the Modern World, Qualitative Design, Viewpoint in Learning
Schools Press Conference Coaches: Their Lived Experiences
Proponents: Edmar Malsi Paguirigan and Marjorie Janel Ramos Paguirigan
Abstract
School Press Conference in primary education is possibly one of the most complex and sensitive topics because one has to deal with young minds that are somehow untainted. This study analyzes lived experiences of school press conference coaches in the elementary grades. It used an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). It involved using a semi-structured interview questionnaire to gather the needed responses. Also, it utilized purposive sampling to select coaches who provided the pertinent information for the study. The findings of this study drew the following conclusions: The lived experiences of schools’ press conference coaches have shown the dynamics of their involvement in campus journalism. Coaching young campus journalists proved to be no easy task; thus, challenges like inadequate knowledge and skills, role conflict, and lack of training hindered their capacity to give the young writers all the preparations they needed for the competition. Conversely, recognition, promotion, and development were the benefits they received from coaching. To prepare the coaches and campus journalists for competitions, they were keen to raise their need for a training workshop and campus journalism and coaching consistency.
Keywords: Schools Press Conference, Campus Journalism, School Paper Adviser, Journalism Coach
Gender Difference in the Performance of the 2018 UNP Civil Engineering Graduates in the Licensure Exam
Proponents: Norma A. Esguerra, Christy Faye A. Gasmen
Abstract
Through the years, female enrollees to the civil engineering program increase. The BSCE program which was once male-dominated has gradually developed into a co-ed profession. Nevertheless, doubts as to how competitive the female civil engineers are still exist despite the non-significant difference in the abilities of males and females in other programs resulting from research findings. This bias could have originated from the years they were in college. This study aims to discover gender difference in the scholastic and board performances among the 2018 BSCE graduates in the College of Engineering, University of Northern Philippines. The college grades and board ratings of 88 male and 64 female graduates who took the board examination in this same year were analyzed. The college grades, called scholastic performance, were requested from the University Registrar. Board ratings, taken as the board performance, were requested from the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).
Keywords: scholastic performance, board performance, gender difference, significant difference, significant relationship
Online Microteaching Lesson Study: An Approach to Improve Prospective Elementary Teachers' Subject Matter Knowledge in Chemistry
Proponents: Joey-Nell T. Marzan, Wilfred B. Bambico
Abstract
The abrupt changes in teacher training brought by the COVID-19 pandemic urged teacher education institutions to implement interventions that would continuously equip prospective teachers with professional knowledge. As a response, this study utilized the online microteaching lesson study (OMLS) as an intervention in developing prospective elementary teachers’ (PETs) subject matter knowledge (SMK) in chemistry. It employed a mixed-method explanatory sequential design to determine the effects of OMLS on the SMK in chemistry of 36 PETs. Quantitative results revealed a significant effect of OMLS on PETs’ SMK as indicated by the improved achievement in chemistry, the identical normalized gain scores of the OMLS groups, and the enhanced SMK survey results of the OMLS teams. On the other hand, qualitative results showed that OMLS reinforced conceptual understanding by involving PETs in active learning and catalyzed conceptual change by enforcing PETs to employ metacognition. In addition, OMLS improved PETs’ ability to demonstrate SMK in teaching chemistry through repeated lesson implementation. In conclusion, PETs’ SMK in chemistry improved through OMLS.
Keywords: New normal teacher education; Science education; Teachers’ knowledge; Lesson study; Distance learning; Teaching chemistry
Development of a Worktext in Mathematics in the Modern World
Proponents: Edelyn A. Cadorna, Rhosechelle A. Riboroso, Restituto M.Llagas Jr. , Joseph G. Taban
Abstract
Learning resources are crucial to boosting students’ academic performance. This study aimed to develop and validate a worktext for Mathematics in the Modern World (MMW). Specifically, it sought to determine the availability and adequacy of instructional materials in the said mathematics course; describe the components of the worktext; evaluate the worktext in terms of objectives, content, format, organization, language, and usability; and determine the readability of the worktext. Findings showed a need to develop a worktext in MMW to address the inadequacy of teaching and learning resources in MMW in the university. The worktext in MMW is simple yet rich in content and contains varied activities. It is highly valid and can be used as instructional material in the teaching and learning of MMW. The contents of the worktext are written so that it is clear to the target readers can read it.
Keywords: Worktext Development, Learning Material, Validation, Mathematics in the Modern World.
Lived Experiences of Special Education Teachers in the New Normal
Proponents: Edmar M. Paguirigan, Marjorie Janel R. Paguirigan, Lorely A. Ablog
Abstract
The primary objective of this research study is to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the practical challenges special education teachers face when delivering services to students with disabilities amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, given the altered format of education delivery in Ilocos Sur, Philippines. Five special education instructors who offer specialized educational services to students with disabilities are included in the study. The subsequent overarching motifs were identified via qualitative analysis of interview transcripts: (1) Feeling Stressed and (2) Challenges and Problems
Encountered. The unparalleled shift towards distance learning, specifically modular learning, has engendered a sense of strain among educators, who perceive themselves as being (1) burnout teacher, (2) A teacher who lacks training, and (3) A teacher who needs support. SPED instructors encountered similar difficulties and obstacles when attempting to implement modular distance learning. They encountered challenges in (1) Contacting and Connecting to Students, (2) Planning the Activities, (3) Making the Learning Activity Sheets (LAS), and (4) Evaluating Incomplete and Unanswered LAS. The results of this study will offer insights into the practical challenges faced by special educators during distance learning, as well as identify supplementary resources that will enhance special education in the current paradigm.
Keywords: Special Education Teachers, Learners with Special Needs, Distance Learning
Tracer Study and Employment of the Teacher Education Graduates of a University in North Luzon, Philippines
Proponents: Corazon G. Pardo, Luzviminda P. Relon
Abstract
The quality of education is measured by the employment and establishment of sustainable career paths for graduates. Tracer studies allow higher education institutions to generate integrated data on their graduates’ employment while also reflecting the quality of education they provide. This study traced the employment profile of the 2018 Teacher Education graduates at a University in North Luzon, Philippines. It also analyzed the graduates’ suggestions about the curriculum and selected employers’ feedback. The study utilized the descriptive-survey method of research, questionnaire, and interviews. Results showed that most respondents are 21 years old, female-dominated, single, and passed the licensure examination for teachers and the Civil Service Professional Examination. More than half of the employed respondents landed their first teaching job within six months after graduation in private schools, handling course-related subjects as contractual/provisional and receiving low salaries. Self-employed and unemployed graduates are waiting for job opportunities to
exercise their careers in public schools. English communication, professional and significant subjects closely related to effective teaching and learning are essential to them after graduation. Provision for better facilities and equipment, curriculum emphasizing the development of 21st-century skills, exposure to lesson plans and school forms preparation, and presence of specialized teachers to handle major subjects are recommendations to improve the curriculum. Similarly, employers suggested better classroom management, reporting, and personal and professional skills development for the graduates.
Keywords: Employment, career opportunities, quality of education
Contextualization and Localization of Teaching Mathematics in the New Normal
Proponents: John Paul G. Fabrigas, Joseph G. Taban
Abstract
To understand how contextualization and localization have been applied to mathematics instruction, this study explored the effects of the shift in the educational paradigm brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. This research determined the extent of implementation of contextualization and localization in teaching Mathematics among the Mathematics teachers in the fourteen schools in the El Nido Del Norte and Del Sur Districts in the new normal. Mixed methods, quantitative, and qualitative research designs were employed using a survey questionnaire as the primary data-gathering tool and a semi-structured interview guide. The level of implementation of contextualization and localization in teaching Mathematics, specifically in terms of assessment tools and instructional materials, was found to be “High.” It was found that creating localized materials was challenging among teaching teachers because it required translating materials into local languages, especially since there are multiple languages spoken in the area. However, teachers receive support from administrators, colleagues, parents, and the community to overcome challenges. Based on these findings, recommendations made in the study included regular professional development, building a community of practice, research and evaluation, policy and technology support, involving parents/local community, and monitoring and feedback.
Keywords: Contextualization, localization, teaching Mathematics, adversities, coping mechanisms
Climate Fiction for the Classroom through Ecocriticism and Collaborative Digital Text Annotation
Proponents: Agata Cristine E. Cabrera, Crissa Mae I. Agsalog, Ronnel C. Ibea, Ofelia E. Tara, Jolysa Rose A. Corpuz, Mark Louie Tabunan
Abstract
This study took a humanities approach to climate change education, focusing on climate fiction texts in the literature classroom, namely: Barakat Akinsiku’s “The God of the Sea,” Sigrid Marianne Gayangos’s “Galansiyang,” and Jules Hogan’s “Those They Left Behind” from Everything Change: An Anthology of Climate Fiction, Volume III (2021). This encompassed the Quarter 3, Week 7 literature competency in the DepEd Grade 10 curriculum context. In-depth discussion of the cli-fi texts was made possible through the crafting of a lesson exemplar, writing of discussion questions through an ecocritical lens, and using Collaborative Digital Text Annotation (CDTA) as an evaluative reading tool which engendered student responses to the text and interactions within the CDTA activity. Thematic analysis was used in interpreting the digital text annotations which revealed four different themes: drawing out story elements, connecting the text to the real world, performing evaluative reading, and expressing random reactions under which the students’ responses to the cli-fi texts were classified. The researchers recommend using online applications such as Google Docs as
digital annotation tools during collaborative classroom reading. Also, literature classroom facilitators should create a concrete reward system to encourage students’ enthusiasm during the CDTA activities and to achieve the collaborative aspect of the CDTA. Lastly, other reading strategies for evaluating cli-fi texts must be explored.
Keywords: climate change education, interdisciplinary literature instruction, technology-based learning, ecocriticism
The Status of the Sports Development Program of a State University in Region 1
Proponents: Chasen G. Almazan
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the status of the Sports Development Program of the University of Northern Philippines for the Academic Year 2020-2021. It employed the descriptive correlational method of research. The data gathered were treated with the following tools: frequency count and percentage, weighted mean, ranking, and correlation analysis. Results revealed that overall, the UNP’s Sports Development Program status is “Very Satisfactory.” The performance of the teams was found to be significantly related to the status of the university’s sports development program in terms of its implementation of strategies and techniques, support systems, benefits, incentives and awards, and competencies of coaches. The student-athletes face the challenges of balancing athletic and academic responsibilities. The following recommendations are forwarded: (1) All the Coaches and Trainers should be encouraged to improve their craft by attending relevant training; (2) Student athletes should also be able to excel not only in sports but also in academics; (3) The Sports Development should take necessary steps in improving the performance of the Teams in the competitions; (4) The best practices of the high-performing HEIs should be adapted; (5) Mechanisms and action plans should address the problems and concerns of the respondents. (6) Year-round sports activities involving all the stakeholders should be conducted to strengthen linkages and promote health and wellness.
Keywords: Sports, coaches, student-athletes, sports development program, sports activities
Development of a Worktext in Science, Technology and Society
Proponents: Jill Ann R. Paranada, Carmela M. Florentino, Jenny Grace I. Almazan, Germana Gloria V. Molina
Abstract
Science, Technology, and Society is one of the new General Education courses offered under the Philippine educational reforms implementing the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 (Republic Act 10533). The teaching of STS presents significant challenges in ensuring that the students acquire the necessary competencies they ought to learn. Instructional materials in STS are only slightly adequate and slightly available. The study aimed to create a worktext that could serve as a valuable resource for educating students about the course. This study’s research and developmental method involved creating and evaluating the worktext. The study used the 5E model of instructional design to develop the worktext. It was evaluated for its validity in terms of content, clarity, appeal to the target user, and originality. The evaluation revealed that it is highly valid and readable by the intended target users. It is recommended that the STS worktext be used in the course’s teaching-learning process and should undergo an evaluation to further validate its effectiveness and practicability. Teachers should be trained and encouraged to develop their instructional materials related to their field of specialization with the support of the university administration.
Keywords: development, worktext, instructional materials, science, technology, society, instruction.
Development and Validation of Technostress Scale (TSS) for Students
Proponents: Edelyn A. Cadorna, Jake B. Garnace, Janet T. Molina, Christian S. Domondon, Jeffrey E. Galangco
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and validate a Technostress scale for Filipino students using development and research method. Items in the scale were constructed through interviews with purposively selected tertiary students and were subjected to validation by experts. Results showed a high level of content and face validity. Exploratory Factor Analysis showed five misfits of the scale: abilities-demands of technology, abilities-demands of a school requirement, person-people, needs-supplies of technology, and needs-supplies of the school. In addition, Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated that the model of the scale has an acceptable fit. The convergent and discriminant validity results revealed that the scale exhibits psychometric quality, and the items reliably measure their corresponding constructs. Based on the reliability index, the questionnaire could yield the same results even after multiple trials. Therefore, educators can use the developed technostress scale to diagnose students with problems adjusting to a technology-based learning environment.
Keywords: tertiary students, technostress, technology, development, validation
Path Model of Mathematics Achievement in Senior High School
Proponent: Jeffrey Galangco
Abstract
Numerous studies were carried out to investigate factors influencing students’ mathematics achievement. It is, therefore, undeniable that a variety of factors influence how well students learn mathematics. As such, this study aimed to construct a path model on the factors influencing the mathematics achievement of Senior High School students. In particular, this study focuses on five subject components: Junior High School (JHS) math experience, JHS grade point average, attitudes toward mathematics, self-efficacy, and anxiety. The causal relationships and relative strengths of the direct and indirect relationships were explored for the sets of exogenous and endogenous variables using path analysis. The results unveiled an acceptable fit for the path model of the mathematics achievement in Senior High School. It indicated that students’ mathematics achievement was influenced directly by JHS math general point average and mathematics anxiety; and indirectly by JHS math experience, attitudes, and self-efficacy. Moreover, the path model revealed that the JHS math grade point average exhibited the strongest influence on students’ mathematics achievement. This suggests that a greater emphasis on developing basic mathematics skills and building a solid foundation at the Junior High School level leads to a better comprehension of higher mathematics.
Keywords: path analysis, mathematics achievement, path model, Senior High School
Lived experiences and academic aspirations of American citizens living with home-based care Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients
Proponents: Ernesto Tagorda Jr., Glenda Tagorda, Marsha Michelle Cabuena, Kriza Rosette A. Cadorna
Abstract
The study explores the lived experiences and academic aspirations of the participants living with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a rare neuromuscular disorder which could result in an early death due to its progression. This study used the descriptive phenomenology with purposeful sampling in the recruitment of the participants. A semi-structured interview guide was used and various platforms were considered such as actual interview in actual setting with the inclusion of videoconferencing and telephone interviews in gathering the data needed. The seven-step method of data analysis of Colizzi was utilized in data analysis in order to derive the themes of this qualitative
research. Four major themes emerged that reflected the lived experiences of the American citizens in this study namely: Theme 1: The State of being physically impaired; Theme 2: Support, Social Dependency and Independency; Theme 3: Academic aspirations, Theme 4: Positive Outlook in life and dependable caregivers. The process involves the experiences of the American citizens in the care of DMD patients aside from the dependable medical ventilators and other devises to extend the life span of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patient under their care. Results show positive scenarios of the life experiences of the American citizens with Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Despite the enormous demands of their unique task, the participants showed encouraging dispositions (Theme 4: Positive outlook in life- you can do it, dependable caregiver). Further, it is noted that in spite of these challenges, setting aside the academic aspirations of the patients was never an option.
Keywords: physically impaired, federal, life span, educational aspirations, positive outlook in life
Spoken-Digit Classification using Artificial Neural Network
Proponents: Aunhel John M. Adoptante, Arnie M. Baes, John Carlo A. Catilo, Patrick Kendrex L. Lucero, Anton Louise P. De Ocampo, Alvin S. Alon, Rhowel M. Dellosa
Abstract
Audio classification has been one of the most popular applications of Artificial Neural Networks. This process is at the center of modern AI technology, such as virtual assistants, automatic speech recognition, and text-to-speech applications. There have been studies about spoken digit classification and its applications. However, to the best of the author’s knowledge, very few works focusing on English spoken digit recognition that implemented ANN classification have been done. In this study, the authors utilized the Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) features of the audio recording and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as the classifier to recognize the spoken digit by the speaker. The Audio MNIST dataset was used as training and test data while the Free-Spoken Digit Dataset was used as additional validation data. The model showed an F-1 score of 99.56% accuracy for the test data and an F1 score of 81.92% accuracy for the validation data.
Keywords: artificial neural networks, signal processing, MFCC, speech recognition
Effect of Centrifugation Speed and Time on the Blood Chemistry
Proponents: Ariel A. Lozano, Wynona Jenn D. Malvar, Bernard Adrian B. Mana, Francis Alvin V. Mercado, Marianne B. Queddeng, Ariana Sariah Paris P. Tejano, Carmela M. Florentino
Abstract
Blood chemistry testing requires centrifugation as one of the crucial pre-analytical phases. Usual differences in the speed and time of centrifugation influence specimens to varying extents among laboratories. This prompted the researchers to ascertain the effects of varying centrifugation speeds and times on healthy individuals’ blood chemistry values and reduce the centrifugation time attested by the World Health Organization (WHO). Blood specimens were collected from four healthy adults, centrifuged, and then analyzed using the VITROS 5600 Automated Machine. The dry chemistry principle was applied. Three sets of speed and time were applied (1) 3,500 RPM for 15 minutes (WHO recommended), (2) 3,750 RPM for 10 minutes, and (3) 4,000 RPM for 5 minutes. The parameters include Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Total Cholesterol (Total CHOLE), Creatinine (Crea), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K). The results of the serum chemistry values have no significant difference between different speeds and times against the standard set by WHO and were found to be acceptable, normal, and close in range with each other. Therefore, these can be substituted for the WHO-recommended speed and time. The researchers forward the following recommendations: (1) tests should be conducted to respondents with comorbidities and to younger and older individuals; (2) conduct the tests in triplicates and consider using other methods and more participants should be considered; and; (3) consider lesser time in centrifugation.
Keywords: Centrifugation, speed, time, chemistry testing, WHO recommendation
Mainstreaming Ambisyon Natin 2040 and Sustainable Development Goals in the University of Northern Philippines
Proponents: Erwin F. Cadorna, Joselito D. Dela Rosa, Archie Martinez
Abstract
The United Nations, including the Philippines, adopted the 2015 Sustainable Development Agenda, which includes seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets to be achieved by 2030. The University of Northern Philippines (UNP) takes pride in its image as an institution of global quality. As a higher education institution, it is committed to contribute to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations and the Philippines AmBisyon Nation 2040 goals in improving a lot of humanity and the world. This study aimed to analyze the mainstreaming of AmBisyon Natin 2040 and SDGs in UNP. It described activities under the 12 University’s development goals aligned to the AmBisyon Natin 2040 and SDGs and proposed a plan to sustain and strengthen them. Documentary analysis revealed that the University development goals, with feasible, practical, and doable activities, are allegiance to all the goals of the Philippines’ AmBisyon Natin 2040 and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Other state universities and colleges may replicate this research undertaking to have a written account and inventory of their endeavors as a testament of compliance and commitment to achieving the goals of AmBisyon Natin 2040 and SDGs.
Keywords: mainstreaming, sustainable development goals, AmBisyon Natin 2040, higher education.
Narratives of Buri Weavers in San Juan: A Phenomenology
Proponents: Ma. Jesusa R. Unciano, Honorato R. Patubo, Charito R. Alconis, Marites I. Duquinal, Imelda Q. Nesperos
Abstract
Assuming a phenomenological stance that adopted an inductive approach (Creswell, 1998) and descriptive phenomenology (Christensen et al. (2017), this study explored and described the lived experiences of the resident-buri weavers of San Juan, Ilocos Sur, Philippines, determined the participants’ view of buri weaving, the Ilocano identity mirrored by the industry, and lexical items associated with the cultural practice. The analysis of their lived experiences revealed that the weavers have both positive and negative views of the panaglaga ti silag, representing their view of the industry and reflecting the defining Ilokano traits. Also, the narratives of the Buri weavers reflect the dynamics of their engagement in this treasured cultural practice and mirror the Ilokano traits. Government agencies and educational institutions should provide financial and technical assistance for the buri industry to continue thriving and for the weavers to keep improving their artistry and weaving skills. Through it, the silag weaving industry will continue to serve as a bridge that provides the missing link between the past, present, and future of the people in this part of the Province of Ilocos Sur. Also, 50 Ilokano buri weaving-related terminologies surfaced and were compiled in a supplementary material called Buri: Preserved Language.
Keywords: narratives, culture, buri industry, experiences, Philippines/Asia
The Science Teachers Engagement via Extension (SciTEE) Project: An Impact Study Using the Model of Change
Proponents: Edelyn Alicar Cadorna, Erwin Frando Cadorna, Janet Tabasan Molina
Abstract
Using the theory of change, the impact of the Science Teachers Enhancement via Extension (SciTEE) Project of a state university in the northern part of Luzon, Philippines, was evaluated. Through the mixed method of research, the study investigated the extension profile, project level of implementation, outputs, outcomes, and impact after being implemented for five years. The participants of the different extension activities were the respondents. The process of triangulation was utilized to gather the data needed. Through the project, the beneficiaries enriched their knowledge of selected science content, developed their ICT skills in teaching, acquired knowledge and skills on the proper use of science equipment, and developed their skills in research and in making instructional
materials. The Project contributed to the capacity building of the beneficiaries, their social and economic development, lifelong learning skills, and generally contributing to the global goal of preparing teachers for 21st-century learning.
Keywords: 21st-century teaching skills, model of change, extension program, teacher enhancement, impact assessment.
Ethical Literacy Criticism and Ariel Sotelo Tabag's Panangsapul iti Puraw a Kabalio
Proponent: Mark Louie Tabunan
Abstract
Nie Zhenzhao’s ethical literary criticism provides a new take on ethics in literature, emphasizing the historicity of ethics and providing a new toolkit in understanding ethical dilemmas in literary texts. This article deploys ethical literary criticism in reading Panangsapul iti Puraw a Kabalio [Search for the White Horse], a marvelous realist novel by award-winning Ilokano writer Ariel Sotelo Tabag. Focusing on the ethical knots encountered by the four characters of the Tabaco clan, it examines the ethical choices they made against the backdrop of the ethical environments of the Second World War and the Martial Law period. Examining the life narratives of the characters reveals the ways in which their ethical choices are for vanquishing the horrors of the past so that they may live a better future. Building on Danilo Alterado and Aldrin Jaramilla’s maiyannatup a panagripirip, the article also reflects on the transplantation of ethical literary criticism in the Ilokano context to extrapolate a vernacular form of ethical consciousness which marks cultural difference and is astute to the cultural and historical concatenations and literary tradition in which the text and the author are imbricated.
Keywords: Ariel Sotelo Tabag, ethical choice, Panangsapul iti Puraw a Kabalio, ethical literary criticism, Ilokano literature
Heritage on the Ground: A Thirdspace Reading of Calle Crisologo, Vigan City, Philippines
Proponent: Mark Louie Tabunan
Abstract
Christoph Brumann and David Berliner, in their book World Heritage on the Ground: Ethnographic Perspectives (2016), ask what World Heritage (WH) does on the ground far away from the meeting halls of the WH Committee. This article explores the ways in which WH moves and breathes on the ground of Calle Crisologo, Vigan City in northern Philippines. Utilizing participant observation and
key informant interviews and building on Edward Soja’s notion of Thirdspace, it aims to unpack differences of meanings with regard to the ways WH gets negotiated by locals. The themes of remembrances, counter-memory, impacts and meanings of WH, rootedness and counter practices, and postcoloniality problematize and enrich WH’s relationship with local histories, memories, societies, identities, and economies. Shown through the variegated accounts are the ways in which people’s engagement with the street turns it into a fecund and volatile, real and imagined lifeworld of experiences. Findings and lessons relate well to heritage’s meaning, value, and significance – such as, for instance, the ways that local people’s voices can be better valued for more sustainable and inclusive heritage, culture, and memory of Vigan City and elsewhere.
Keywords: World Heritage; thirdspace; Calle Crisologo; Vigan City; urban space
Arem wennu Raem (admiration or respect): A phenomenological understanding of Ilocano courtship
Proponent: Chase Mark S. Suyat, Mae Angelie V. Salvador-Garcia, Julie May N. Molina
Abstract
The study was conducted to determine the real meaning of “panagarem” in the concept of Ilocano and its evolution, ways, and practices through the years. This study employed phenomenology using individual interviews. There were 4 participants from each generation. The study revealed that panagarem” plays an essential role in understanding the deeper meaning of Ilocano courtship with new strategies in the courting of the Ilocanos, whether traditional or modern style. The custom of Ilocano panagarem requiring a certain man to work for the woman’s family was a “long, arduous, and expensive process of courting. A series of friendly dates is the normal starting point in the Ilocano way of courting, and it is usually beginning with “sinuron” or the process of teasing, a process of pairing off a potential couple. Moreover, material things are the basis of settling down, because they are focused on the idea of stability. However, some of the previous practices are not going away; they use them until now. However, some practices have been added because of technology and social media platforms. However, the bottom line here is that the respect and honor of the parents of the “Maarar-arem” are still practiced in different generations. That concludes that “Panagarem” is also “Panag- Raem.
Keywords: courtship, “Panagarem” evolution, modern courtship, traditional courtship
Touch Me Not: Mimosa Pudica (Makahiya): A Hermeneutic-Semiotic Phenomenology
Proponent: Lloyd A. Mata; Rizza P. Cajindos ; Germana Gloria V. Molina; Jonnel B. Torres; Magdalena T. Ebojo
Abstract
As Ilokanos call this herb and sometimes consider it an ornamental plant, Bain-bain has many uses. It has moved from its use as a fence to the center of Ilocanos’ life, literally around which revolves their social, cultural, and economic activities. This hermeneutic phenomenological study aimed to examine the lived experiences of the Ilocanos on the Mimosa pudica (makahiya). The study focused on Ilocanos’ practices, beliefs, a deeper understanding of the plants, and their medicinal value. This study delves further into the symbolical interpretation, the more substantial effect on sociocultural development, the cultural knowledge on the sensitivity of the makahiya leaves, and the significant contributions to the teaching-learning process to preserve culture and identity. A total of 15 respondents/informants participated in the survey. Additional information was obtained from personal interviews with the members of the community, who are the most knowledgeable elders. Results revealed that Ilocano treats illnesses like ulcers, skin problems, and inflamed liver. It is also used as an antioxidant to replenish the loss of nutrients due to diarrhea. Moreover, the makahiya plant is used for medicinal purposes and is associated with different emotions or parts of life. It was deemed that makahiya was an emblem of femineity and freedom.
Keywords: Mimosa pudica, hermeneutic, semiotic, lived experiences, Ilokano practices, and beliefs.
When Freedom is Regained: The Life Experiences of Persons Deprived of Liberty after Incarceration
Proponents: Dolores R. Bersamina, Aurora R. Quero
Abstract
The study focuses on the experiences of Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDLs) after regaining their freedom. The transition to life outside prison can be challenging, potentially leading to reintegration or disintegration. Researchers used transcendental phenomenology to extract vital information from 10 PDLs, identifying significant themes to better understand their situations. The idea of living outside the jail can bring mixed feelings, with excitement and hope but also uncertainty and worry. PDLs struggled to fulfill their obligations to their families and faced social disapproval and the temptation to end their lives as a form of escape. Despite these challenges, their connection and faith in God prevailed, and they realized the importance of becoming a better person for reintegration. The PDLs’ vision is to provide for their families and sacrifice their own happiness for a selfless life disposition. The vision of young PDLs living a happy life with loved ones, spouses, or marriage is equally important.
Keywords: Freedom, Regained, Persons Deprived of Liberty, Transcendental Phenomenology, Reintegration
Understanding the Nature and Condition of Adolescents with Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Proponents: Alexandria Blake C. Real, Jennifer M. Garcia
Abstract
The study aimed to recognize and categorize the characteristics of adolescents with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). This study is qualitative research utilizing the multiple case study design to determine the common symptoms of ten (10) individual cases with GAD from each of their psychologists. Interview guide question was developed to set a direction in gathering the clients’ nature and condition. A thematic analysis using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) method was used to formulate relevant extracts’ themes to understand their common symptoms. The findings revealed that adolescents who are diagnosed with GAD have manifestations of physiological, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms. This study posits an easier understanding of their symptoms in the context of a Filipino setting through their psychologists’ transcriptions. With the findings, a better understanding of the perspective of adolescents with GAD can be conveyed to the community in preventing public
and self-stigma amongst them. This is also a step forward in designing effective psychotherapeutic interventions tailored to their needs. A program for their mental health protection and promotion is also recommended for further studies.
Keywords: Common Symptoms, adolescents, generalized anxiety disorder
Cultural Tangible Properties: The Development of the Candon Heritage Resources conservation Plan
Proponents: Ludivina Abaya Lozano
Abstract
The City of Candon in Ilocos Sur, Philippines, is rich in culturally built heritage, particularly houses of ancestry. The City identifies ancestral houses, while other buildings and structures are not included in the list but can already be considered part of the culturally built heritage. Collectively, these cultural resources are within a proposed heritage district of the City, including a heritage growth corridor–where the high concentration of such resources is located — that may serve as a visual representation and act as a living museum of the area. This study formulated a proposed Heritage Resources Conservation Plan to preserve and protect the identified built heritage resources in Candon City. A field survey was conducted to identify and map the local heritage resources and their cultural significance. Upon identification of the City’s heritage district, several guidelines regarding further development in the area, especially along the heritage corridor, were recommended to preserve and protect these cultural resources from possible deterioration and destruction.
Keywords: Cultural Tourism, Heritage Zone, Built Heritage, Local heritage Resources
Social Support and Techno-stress of Faculty Members in a State University in Northern Luzon, Philippines
Proponents: Alexandria Blake C. Real-Pisalbo, Mico M. Molina, Kristina Camille V. Pacris-Quitevis, Aldrin S. Jaramilla
Abstract
This descriptive-correlational study investigates the relationship between social support and technostress among 260 University of Northern Philippines faculty members, aiming to propose an action plan for the institution. Findings reveal a notable level of technostress experienced by UNP faculty, with factors like usefulness, reliability, presenteeism, and pace of change significantly impacting them, while complexity does not. Despite a moderately high level of perceived social support derived from family, friends, and significant others, there is no significant correlation between received social support and technostress dimensions. However, a weak negative relationship is observed between perceived social support and technostress. The study concludes that while The Safe Space Project addresses technostress, the dynamic technological workplace underscores the necessity for a dedicated University Psychologist. Such a professional can offer tailored guidance to faculty members, ensuring a comprehensive approach to mental health support in the digital age.
Keywords: Social Support, Technostress, Faculty, State University, Northern Luzon
Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSP) in Disaster Risk Reduction and Management of Secondary Schools in Indigenous Cultural Communities in Abra, Philippines
Proponents: Rhoda P. Asencio, Edelyn A. Cadorna
Abstract
Indigenous knowledge systems and practices (IKSP) are utilized by the Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICC) to mitigate the impact of disasters. This study determined the IKSPs in disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) of the secondary schools in the selected indigenous communities in Abra, Philippines. It employed a mixed-method explanatory sequential research design. Data were gathered using surveys and interviews. Findings showed that the schools in the ICCs utilized their IKSPs to manage disasters along the four thematic areas of DRRM: prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and rehabilitation. IKSPs, as part of disaster management, include utilizing local plants, observing the behaviors of some animals and insects, observing the colors of the clouds, and performing rituals by the elders in the community. Furthermore, the result of the study revealed these IKSPs emerged to be essential in the prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and rehabilitation during disasters such as; “Alluyon,” “Ganap,” “Komon,” “Sagubay,” Ubaya,” ” Senga,” “Lapat System,” “Agamang,” “Bodong” and “Dap- Ay.”
Keywords: Indigenous Knowledge, Maeng, Lapat, Explanatory design, Abra.
The Untold Stories of People Who Had Suicidal Ideations: A Phenomenological Study
Proponents: Krista B. Manzano, Pe R. Asuncion, Blessie Ann R. Cabato, Andrea Mae F. Jimenez, Alyssa Jane B. Palacpac, Cherry B. Banilad
Abstract
This study explored and described the lived experiences of people who had suicidal ideations. It gathered information and real-life experiences to reveal the significant life stories of persons with suicidal thoughts. Descriptive phenomenology was employed to explore and describe the lived experiences of young adults who had suicidal ideation. The study included eight participants who were selected purposively. A semi-structured individual interview was utilized in gathering the data. Data analysis was done immediately after every data collection using Colaizzi’s seven-step processes. This study has three central themes that emerged from the data which included a) emotional experience, b) life’s crisis, and c) sparks of hope in life. The main themes are classified into eleven categories: the feeling of emptiness, feeling of worthlessness, feeling of emotional pain, feeling of giving up, family conflict, intrapersonal conflict, challenging life situations, isolation, restoration and installation of hope, sustaining positive relationships, and sense of life. This research revealed that all have their battles to fight. Coping with their issues, becoming independent, and trying to bridge the gap between their dear ones and, most importantly, with themselves entail emotional labor, as each participant from a different context with different backstories shared their unique experiences. Therefore, student nurses should uplift these vulnerable groups’ spiritual values and morals and encourage them to vent their feelings to trusted friends.
Keywords: Suicide, ideations, real-life, experiences, young adult
A Sequential-Explanatory Study on the Financial Literacy of Women Farmers in Ilocos Sur
Proponents: Maria Sofia Guiller T. Tomaneng, Reynalyn D. Amistad, Jasmine Mild B. Ato, Sophia O. Chan, Francine Nicole C. Custodio, Bonifacio Jonelle D. Peruna, Adrienne Bianca C. Solian, Christian S. Domondon
Abstract
Women farmers are underrepresented in Philippine society. Their existence and hard work are often disregarded and undervalued. This is apparent in localities where agriculture is the leading source of income. This sequential-explanatory study inquired about women farmers’ financial literacy level and lived experiences in four municipalities in the 1st District of Ilocos Sur, where most women farmers are located. The study utilized a problem-solving test and survey questionnaires to determine the literacy level of women farmers in terms of knowledge, attitude and behavior, and skills. At the same time, a semi-structured interview was done for the qualitative aspect of the study. Frequency and percentage, mean, and thematic analysis were used to analyze the data. Results showed that women farmers exhibited low financial knowledge and skills and a high financial attitude and behavior, resulting in an average financial literacy. Challenges influenced by their low financial knowledge and skills were due to environmental and social factors. Meanwhile, their high financial attitude and behavior positively impacted their lived farming experiences. Moreover, their exposure to selling, budgeting, saving, and engaging with banking institutions contributed to their average financial literacy. Therefore, the study recommends programs and training implementations by the government to improve the farmers’ financial literacy further and empower women farmers.
Keywords: Agriculture, financial literacy, mixed-methods, sequential-explanatory, women farmers
Itneg Mother’s Concessions: Perinatal Beliefs and Practices Unwrapped
Proponents: Daryll Jeremy Virtudes, Andrea Janella Labuni, Hannah Kaye Tolentino, Jamaica Tenorio, Lilia Elizabeth Quitevis, Glayza Mae Manzano, Jantrix Ace Collado, Nico Van Adrian Villahermosa, Jevie A. Abella
Abstract
This study unwrapped and discussed the beliefs and practices of Itnegs during the perinatal period, particularly in the pregnancy, postpartum, and infant care phases. A descriptive phenomenology type of qualitative study was utilized to explore the beliefs and practices of the Itnegs in Barangay Cadanglaan, Magsingal, Ilocos Sur. With all the revelations of the participants, the following conclusions were coiled: The first central theme is Neonatal and Intrapartal Care with two categories, Superstitious Beliefs and Practices, Multivitamin Supplementation, and Safety Measures; under this theme highlighted the beliefs and practices that they follow to attain good delivery of fetus and practices that may lessen the jeopardy of complications that may lead to abortion and other complications of the mother and the fetus. The second theme is postpartum care, which has two categories: scientific and indigenous approaches. This portion revealed that Itnegs have different beliefs and practices that focus on faster healing of the mother and prevention of post-delivery complications of the fetus; all are anchored to the inherited knowledge from their predecessors. The third theme is Neonatal Care, with three categories, Protection Feeding Approaches and Home Remedies, which lean on protecting against harm to the infant, both physiologic and superstitious claims. Lastly, the fourth theme is Introspections with two categories: Culture Adaptation and Culture Preservation, wherein these folks showed how worried they are about possibly eliminating these native practices and beliefs and how they adapted new practices. Itnegs are one of the IP groups with gazillions of practices and beliefs that are fascinating and tested over time. However, as days go on, these ancestral concepts weren’t transmitted to the present generation, which gives an increased possibility of being covered up by modern approaches. The revelation of these tribal concepts is essential because they are not just considered manna but treasures sharpened by time and challenged by the dynamic world.
Keywords: Perinatal, beliefs, practices, itnegs
Development of Gaynek Ta Cabiga-O: A Way to Strengthen the Panaglaga Culture
Proponents: Adrian Keith M. Serna, James Carlo Asuncion, Revenson S. Saniatan, Erwin H. Sumagit Charlie V. Tapuro, Matilde T. Concordia
Abstract
“Gaynek ta Cabiga-o” emerges as a creative dance form inspired by the traditional artistry of crafting winnowing baskets, known as “panaglaga ti bigao,” deeply embedded in the cultural fabric of the Itneg tribe in Nagsincaoan, Cabugao, Ilocos Sur. This exploratory-sequential approach research blends qualitative insights from interviews and participatory observations with quantitative analysis through validated questionnaires from five participants. Guided by the Communities of Practice (CoP), the study’s focal point is to enhance and preserve the Panaglaga Culture by delving into the intricate stages of crafting bigao. This endeavor culminates in the creation of a dance, intricately weaving together traditional movements, such as bamboo cutting (panagpukan) and weaving (panaglaga), into a cultural expression. Key materials integral to panaglaga ti bigao include bamboo, customized knives, lebleb, uway, labtang, kulokol, bamboo strips, and residue. The resulting dance undergoes expert evaluation, receiving a “Very Much Acceptable” rating for dance steps and music. In essence, “Gaynek ta Cabiga-o” not only breathes new life into cultural practices but also serves as a testament to the community’s commitment to cultural preservation and creative innovation. Recommendations based on these findings pave the way for further cultural enrichment and community engagement.
Keywords: Culture, indigenous people, panaglaga, creative dance
Beyond Tangible: Vigan City's Binatbatan Festival: Basis for a Policy Brief
Proponent: Henryson A. Fetalvero
Abstract
Festival conveys encouraging influence in drawing tourists, improving image of destination and supporting local communities. This study scanned “Binatbatan” festival of Vigan City from the point of view of organizers and visitors. Through a case study, the qualitative method was employed to understand the Festival underscoring, its origin, celebration schemes and the challenges on the people and the place, magnifying management strategies for ordinance implementation on various activity related to the culture and tradition of the locality. A Focus Group Discussions and interviews of respondents and visitors conducted were interpreted. The study realized that Festivals evolve through informal sociability; planning and coordination, as well as control, were vital, creating avenues for cultural and artistic appreciation and the formation of social capital, that the festivals shares four common success factors of ambiance, socialization, emotion and reflection; and that planning, budgeting, coordination, promotion as well as control were vital to the celebrations and that festivals created avenues for job generation, cultural and artistic appreciation and formation of social capital. Based on the findings, policy brief that act on the challenges met by the organizers in managing the festivals, were proposed.
Keywords: Festival, Case Study, Event’s Challenges Sustainability, Policy Brief
Ilokano-Ness Of Bain Ken Basol: A Phenomenological Inquiry
Proponents: Aldrin S. Jaramilla, Lloyd A. Mata, Simeon Abarquez IV
Abstract
This study aims to metaphysically explore, interpret, and establish how the Ilocanos in the northern part of the Philippine islands experience bain ken basol, understood as shame and sin or guilt, during moral failure and how they resolve it. The research method used is a qualitative research design employing the philosophic phenomenological method that comprises the four intertwining steps of 1) epoche, 2) phenomenological reduction, 3) imaginative variation, and 4) synthesis. Vital information had been explored from thirty informants represented by the young, middle-aged, and old generations through in-depth, semi-structured interviews or open-ended questioning. The findings of the study revealed that thecultural complexities and the perspectival and contextual concepts of the Ilocano society have established a progressively multifaceted psychoanalytic intersubjective ground. The discussions of the experiences and concepts built up on bain ken basol further boiled down to four theories, namely: theory of distinctiveness, theory of oneness, theory of accommodation, theory of interconnectedness, theory of relational responsibility.
Keywords: shame, sin-guilt, intersubjective, grounded theories
Initial Inventory and Documentation of Stone/Brick-and-Lime Vats (Baldi) in Some Northern Towns of the Province of Ilocos Sur, Philippines
Proponent: Fatima Nicetas Alonzo
Abstract
This is an initial inventory and documentation of remaining, abandoned and non-functioning vats, locally referred to as baldi, in some northern towns of Ilocos Sur, many of which are in various states of human-mediated damage and natural deterioration. It was undertaken by faculty proponents and students of the College of Architecture of the University of Northern Philippines, Vigan City with a local anthropologist for the period 2017 to 2018. The research sought to establish the significance of the vats in the cultural life of the province. As a descriptive method of research of the qualitative type, the project basically aimed to identify the location of the vats, determine their construction methodology and materials of construction, inscribe their architectural character and features, evaluate their current physical condition and contexts, and ascertain their ownership. The information gathered is structured and presented in a summary of 1) Inventory, in tables, 2) Graphical presentation, 3) Photographs and 4) Description of vat attributes. There are 63 (7 of which could not be measured and could only be photographed) inventoried vats, excluding wells and other features in a few vat assemblages in 17 vat sites (12 of which with visible vat assemblages [sites that include two or more vats]), in 10 barangays of 8 towns (Sinait, Cabugao, San Juan, Magsingal, Santo Domingo, San Ildefonso, San Vicente, and Bantay).
Preliminary Notes from Oral History and Literature on the Baldi of Ilocos Sur, Philippines
Proponents: M.L. I. Ingel, Fatima Nicetas A. Rabang-Alonzo, Uldarico A. Pacada, G.A. Retuta and Renato B.Navarro
Abstract
Stone or brick-and-lime vats locally referred to as baldi occur across the province of Ilocos Sur, Philippines. Many of the baldi must have been constructed for the purpose of natural indigo dye production from the locally-grown indigo plant. This was important to the Ilocos economy and contributed to the wealth of the historic town of Vigan listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. However, some vats had been used for different production activities, including those that apparently changed function at certain points in time, attributable to the shifts in the economy of the region. Most or all of the vats had ceased being utilized for livelihood-related production since around the 1960s or even earlier. Overall, the vats should be viewed not as generic cultural features with a single function, but as tangible cultural heritage that must have had a variety of functions across space and time given site-specific and dynamic environmental, economic, and cultural contexts. They merit further historical-archaeological research, particularly in relation to the history of Vigan.
Keywords: baldi, indigo vats, indigo dye, built heritage, heritage protection
Assessment of the Spiritual Nursing Care Competencies of Nursing Students in the Ilocos Region, Philippines: A Descriptive Correlational Study
Proponents: Epifania Marlene R. Purisima, PhD, RN and Norenia T. Dao-ayen, PhD, RN
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the spiritual nursing care competencies of BSN students in Region 1 through the utilization of a descriptive-correlational research design involving the 424 Levels 2 – 4 BSN students and 125 clinical instructors from 14 selected higher education institutions. Data were gathered through questionnaires and were analyzed using frequency percentage, mean, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Findings revealed that the extent of the spiritual nursing care competencies of BSN students in Region 1 is moderate (spiritual nursing knowledge: x ̄= 11.18; spiritual values: x ̄= 3.77; and spiritual nursing skills: x ̄= 2.76). There is a very weak positive, statistically significant correlation between the students’ year level and spiritual values (r = 0.135, SD = 0.63, p < 0.01) and spiritual nursing skills (r = 0.153, SD = 0.62, p < 0.01). Furthermore, a very weak inverse significant relationship was revealed between the school category (r = -0.113, SD = 0.62, p < 0.05) and the level of accreditation (r = -0.101, SD = 0.62, p < 0.05) to their spiritual nursing skills. The BSN students in Region 1 are reasonably competent in rendering spiritual nursing care. Their year level, school category, and school accreditation are important factors to better spiritual nursing skills. As they advance in the year level, they are likely to assimilate spiritual values that are indispensable in delivering spiritual nursing care. However, amidst this favorable competence, clinical instructors still see the students as work in progress, capable of excelling. Thus, the utilization of the training module, which is an output of this endeavor, can help the nurse educators mold BSN students to advance their spiritual nursing care competence.
Keywords: baldi, indigo vats, indigo dye, built heritage, heritage protection
Young Adults' Intrapersonal Construct of Sexual Harassment
Proponent: Irene Abigail S. Guerrero, DComm
Abstract
There is little literature discussing the construction of meaning at an individual level about sexual harassment. This study presented the level of perception of males and females on sexually harassing content and discussed how males and females construe sexual harassment. Using integrated mixed methods and employing quota sampling, 400 respondents from the Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur provinces participated in the survey, and 10 participants were interviewed. Based on the study results, females and males have varying levels of perception of verbal, visual, physical, and digital body language constructs relating to sexually harassing content. Their levels of perception of sexually harassing content are more pronounced in same-sex communication; female-to-female, and male-to-male communication events. Further, the construct of sexual harassment was influenced by the sender’s and recipient’s gender and sex, degree of intimacy in relationships, and non-verbal communication. Future studies could explore policy sciences, computer-mediated communication, and misinterpretation and miscommunication in within sexual harassment issues.
Keywords: baldi, indigo vats, indigo dye, built heritage, heritage protection